Methods and systems for making a three-dimensional object

1. A method of making a three-dimensional object, the method comprising:

positioning a nozzle of an additive manufacturing device within a support matrix wherein the support matrix is an aerogel or a gelled ionic liquid;

extruding a feed material through the nozzle and into the support matrix; and

moving the nozzle in a three-dimensional pattern within the support matrix, while depositing the feed material, thereby forming the three-dimensional object within the support matrix, wherein moving the nozzle comprises cutting through the support matrix as the nozzle advances through the support matrix.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more portions of the support matrix are configured to self-heal after the nozzle moves away from the one or more portions.

3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising extruding an adhesive into the one or more portions of the support matrix after the nozzle moves away from the one or more portions.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the adhesive is configured to facilitate self-healing of the one or more portions of the support matrix after the nozzle moves away from the one or more portions.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the support matrix exhibits shear thinning to permit nozzle movement and feed material deposition within the support matrix.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the support matrix is thixotropic to allow removal of the three-dimensional object.

7. A method of making a three-dimensional object, the method comprising:

positioning a nozzle of an additive manufacturing device within a support matrix, wherein the support matrix is a graphene aerogel;

extruding a feed material through the nozzle and into the support matrix; and

moving the nozzle in a three-dimensional pattern within the support matrix, while depositing the feed material, thereby forming the three-dimensional object within the support matrix.

8. The method of Claim 1 , wherein the gelled ionic liquid comprises an ionic liquid gelled with fumed silica, precipitated silica, chalk, carbon black, paraffin composition, silicone oil, or any combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the ionic liquid is tris(2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium methylsulfate, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl imidazolium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide, pyridinium, imidazolium, methylammonium based ionic liquids, or any combination thereof.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the ionic liquid is silicone, mineral oil, or both.

11. A method of making a three-dimensional object, the method comprising:

positioning a nozzle of an additive manufacturing device within a support matrix;

extruding a feed material through the nozzle and into the support matrix; and

moving the nozzle in a three-dimensional pattern within the support matrix, while depositing the feed material, thereby forming the three-dimensional object within the support matrix, wherein the support matrix has a gas solubility of less than or equal to about 0.2 mol/kg at standard temperature and pressure, or wherein the support matrix has a gas permeability of less than or equal to about 200 barrer (6.7×10 −17 kmol m/(m 2 s Pa)).

12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating the feed material before the extruding step.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the feed material is heated to a liquid state, or to a partial liquid state.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the feed material is a polymer, a ceramic, a metal, or any combination thereof.

15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising agitating the support matrix until it transitions from a gel phase to a liquid phase.

16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising removing the three-dimensional object from the support matrix.

17. The method of claim 7 , wherein one or more portions of the support matrix are configured to self-heal after the nozzle moves away from the one or more portions.

18. The method of claim 11 , wherein one or more portions of the support matrix are configured to self-heal after the nozzle moves away from the one or more portions.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gelled ionic liquid comprises an additive.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the additive is at least one of a viscosity increasing agent, an inorganic salt, or a metallic salt.