Tactile keys and methods for their production and use
Disclosed are tactile keys and methods for their production and use. The tactile key may include a substrate; a conductive layer disposed on at least one region of the substrate; a porous layer disposed on at least a portion of the conductive layer; an insulating layer disposed on regions of the substrate that surround the conductive layer and the porous layer to form a well, the well having sidewalls defined by the insulating layer, and a bottom surface at least partially defined by the porous layer; an electroactive polymer composition disposed in the well; and a flexible layer having a conductive coating on at least a portion of a surface facing the electroactive polymer composition, the flexible layer covering the well and at least a portion of the insulating layer surrounding the well. When the tactile key is depressed, an electric field is activated causing the electroactive polymer composition to move towards the flexible layer to provide a tactile feedback.
1. A tactile key comprising:
a substrate;
a conductive layer disposed on at least one region of the substrate;
a porous layer disposed on at least a portion of the conductive layer;
an insulating layer disposed on regions of the substrate that surround the conductive layer and the porous layer to form a well, wherein the well comprises sidewalls defined by the insulating layer, and a bottom surface at least partially defined by the porous layer;
an electroactive polymer composition disposed in the well; and
a flexible layer that includes a conductive coating on at least a portion of a surface that faces the electroactive polymer composition, wherein the flexible layer covers the well and at least a portion of the insulating layer that surrounds the well.
2. The key of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises glass, silicon, plastic, stainless steel, or any combination thereof.
3. The key of claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer comprises a metallic conductor selected from aluminum, gold, molybdenum, silver, tungsten, titanium, copper, or any combination thereof.
4. The key of claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), carbon nanotubes, or any combination thereof.
5. The key of claim 1 , wherein the porous layer comprises an oxidized portion of the conductive layer, an etched portion of the conductive layer, or both.
6. The key of claim 1 , wherein the insulating layer comprises an organic polymer selected from a photoresist, BCB, SU-8, MX5000 dry film negative photoresist, or any combination thereof.
7. The key of claim 1 , wherein the electroactive polymer composition resides in at least a portion of the well, at least a portion of pores within the porous layer, or both.
8. The key of claim 1 , wherein the electroactive polymer composition comprises one or more electroactive polymers.
9. The key of claim 1 , wherein the electroactive polymer composition comprises one or more pH-responsive polymers, and one or more electrolytes.
10. The key of claim 1 , wherein the electroactive polymer composition comprises one or more ionic electroactive polymers.
11. The key of claim 1 , wherein the flexible layer comprises polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide, or any combination thereof.
12. The key of claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer is configured as an electrode and the conductive coating of the flexible layer is configured as a counter electrode.
13. A method to produce a tactile key, the method comprising:
providing a conductive layer on at least one region of a substrate;
providing a porous layer on at least a portion of the conductive layer;
providing an insulating layer on regions of the substrate that surround the conductive layer and the porous layer to form a well, wherein the well comprises sidewalls defined by the insulating layer, and a bottom surface at least partially defined by the porous layer;
adding an electroactive polymer composition to the well; and
covering the well and at least a portion of the insulating layer that surrounds the well with a flexible layer, wherein the flexible layer includes a conductive coating on at least a portion of a surface that faces the electroactive polymer composition.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive layer comprises a metallic conductor selected from aluminum, gold, molybdenum, silver, tungsten, titanium, copper, or any combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), carbon nanotubes, or a combination thereof.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein providing the porous layer comprises modifying at least the portion of the conductive layer.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein modifying at least the portion of the conductive layer comprises oxidizing at least the portion of the conductive layer, etching at least the portion of the conductive layer, or both.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein providing the porous layer comprises applying a porous material onto the conductive layer.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the insulating layer comprises an organic polymer selected from a photoresist, BCB, SU-8, MX5000 dry film negative photoresist, or any combination thereof.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein providing the insulating layer comprises laminating the insulating layer onto the substrate, spin casting the insulating layer onto the substrate, extruding the insulating layer onto the substrate, spraying the insulating layer onto the substrate, or patterning the insulating layer onto the substrate by photolithography.
21. The method of claim 13 , wherein adding the electroactive polymer composition to the well comprises adding the electroactive polymer composition to the well using an inkjet printer or a syringe.
22. The method of claim 13 , wherein the electroactive polymer composition comprises one or more electroactive polymers.
23. The method of claim 13 , wherein the electroactive polymer composition comprises one or more pH-responsive polymers and one or more electrolytes.
24. The method of claim 13 , wherein the electroactive polymer composition comprises one or more ionic electroactive polymers.
25. The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive layer is configured as an electrode and the conductive coating of the flexible layer is configured as a counter electrode.
26. A method to provide a tactile feedback with a device that comprises at least one tactile key, the method comprising:
providing the at least one tactile key, wherein the at least one tactile key comprises:
a substrate;
a conductive layer disposed on at least one region of the substrate;
a porous layer disposed on at least a portion of the conductive layer;
an insulating layer disposed on regions of the substrate that surround the conductive layer and the porous layer to form a well, wherein the well comprises sidewalls defined by the insulating layer, and a bottom surface at least partially defined by the porous layer;
an electroactive polymer composition disposed in the well; and
a flexible layer that includes a conductive coating on at least a portion of a surface that faces the electroactive polymer composition, wherein the flexible layer covers the well and at least a portion of the insulating layer that surrounds the well,
forming a closed circuit between the conductive coating of the flexible layer, and the conductive layer in response to depression of the at least one tactile key;
activating an electric field across the electroactive polymer composition of the tactile key in response to formation of the closed circuit, and
responsive to the activated electric field; urging the electroactive polymer composition disposed in the well to move towards the flexible layer to provide the tactile feedback.
27. The method of claim 26 , further comprising releasing the at least one tactile key to deactivate the electric field, wherein deactivation of the electric field causes the electroactive polymer composition to move away from the flexible layer.