Scintillator and radiation detector including the scintillator
A radiation detector can include a solid organic/plastic scintillator that enables neutron and gamma interactions to be readily distinguished via pulse-shape discrimination. Embodiments make use of a scintillator including a polymer matrix with a dispersed scintillation material exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence. The scintillation material can include an organic luminescent material that is free of heavy metals and in which excited triplet states are efficiently promoted into excited singlet states by thermal energy, the excited singlet states then generating a delayed fluorescence when decaying to ground state. As a result, the scintillation material, when exposed to ionizing radiation, can produce a combination of prompt and delayed fluorescence sufficient to enable neutron and gamma interactions to be readily distinguished via pulse-shape discrimination techniques.
1. A scintillator comprising:
a plastic matrix; and
a first neutron-sensing material including metal-free organic luminescent compound in which excited triplet states are promoted into excited singlet states by thermal energy and wherein the excited singlet states generates luminescence at a first wavelength when the excited singlet states decay to ground state,
wherein the plastic matrix is doped with molecules of the first neutron-sensing material of the scintillator, the plastic matrix comprises a plastic transparent to light of the first wavelength, and wherein the first neutron-sensing material has an internal fluorescence efficiency that is greater than 25%.
2. The scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the first neutron-sensing material has an energy gap (ΔE ST ) between the excited triplet state (T 1 ) and the excited singlet state (S 1 ) than is no more than about 600 meV.
3. The scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the first neutron-sensing material comprises a fluorescent compound having one or more carbazole moieties that can act as a donor chromophore.
4. The scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the first neutron-sensing material comprises indolocarbazole, plenylindolocarbazole, or a heteroatom substituted carbazole, dibenzothiophene, diphenylsulfone, or phenoxazine.
5. The scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the first neutron-sensing material comprises a fluorescent compound having dicyanobenzene that can act as an acceptor chromophore, or triazine that can act as an acceptor chromophore.
6. The scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the first neutron-sensing material comprises a carbazolyl dicyanobenzene.
7. The scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the internal fluorescence efficiency of the first neutron-sensing material is greater than 30%.
8. The scintillator of claim 1 , further comprising a second neutron-sensing material for detecting thermal neutrons.
9. The scintillator of claim 1 , further comprising a second neutron-sensing material for detecting thermal neutrons, wherein the first neutron-sensing material and/or the second neutron-sensing material are suspended in a plastic matrix.
10. A neutron radiation detection apparatus comprising:
a scintillator configured to produce light in response to capturing neutron and non-neutron radiation, the scintillator including:
a plastic matrix; and
a first neutron-sensing material including a metal-free organic luminescent compound, wherein excited triplet states are promoted into excited singlet states by thermal energy and wherein the excited singlet states generate luminescence at a first wavelength when the excited singlet states decay to ground state,
wherein molecules of the first neutron-sensing material are dispersed within the plastic matrix, the plastic matrix comprises a plastic material that is transparent to light of the first wavelength, and the first neutron-sensing material has an energy gap (ΔE ST ) between the excited triplet state (T 1 ) and the excited singlet state (S 1 ) than is no more than about 600 meV; and
a photosensor optically coupled to the scintillator and operative to convert photons emitted by the scintillator into an electronic signal pulse.
11. The neutron radiation detection apparatus of claim 10 , further comprising a pulse-shape discriminator to process an electronic signal pulse to identify the pulse as either a non-neutron pulse or a neutron pulse.
12. The neutron radiation detection apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the pulse-shape discriminator is configured to apply a pulse-shape discrimination algorithm, the pulse-shape discrimination algorithm being capable of identifying each pulse as either a non-neutron pulse or a neutron pulse based upon the decay time of the pulse.
13. The neutron radiation detection apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the pulse-shape discriminator is configured to analyze a pulse shape of the electronic signal pulse comprising pulse amplitude as a function of time.
14. The neutron radiation detection apparatus of claim 10 , wherein neutron radiation comprises energetic neutrons and/or heavy charged particles from neutron reactions.
15. The neutron radiation detection apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the non-neutron radiation comprises gamma radiation, and the pulse-shape discriminator is configured to analyze a pulse shape of the electronic signal pulse to discriminate between gamma interactions and neutron interactions.
16. The neutron radiation detection apparatus of claim 15 , wherein analyzing a pulse shape of the electronic signal pulse to discriminate between gamma interactions and neutron interactions comprises analyzing a pulse shape of the electronic signal pulse to discriminate between gamma interactions and neutron interactions so that the fraction of gamma ray pulses erroneously counted as a neutron pulse is no more than one per million.
17. A method of detecting neutrons, the method comprising:
exposing a detection device to a source of radiation, the detection device comprising:
a scintillator configured to produce light in response to capturing neutron and non-neutron radiation, the scintillator including:
a first neutron-sensing material including a metal-free organic luminescent compound in which excited triplet states are promoted into excited singlet states by thermal energy, wherein the excited singlet states generate luminescence at a first wavelength when the excited singlet states decay to ground state, and wherein the energy gap (ΔE ST ) between the excited triplet state (T 1 ) and the excited singlet state (S 1 ) than is no more than about 600 me V; and
a plastic matrix doped with molecules of the first neutron-sensing material, the plastic matrix comprising a plastic material that is transparent to light of the first wavelength; and
a photosensor optically coupled to the scintillator and operative to convert photons emitted by the scintillator into an electronic signal pulse;
receiving an electronic signal pulse from the detection device at a computational device; and
determining with the computational device an amount of the neutron radiation based on the electronic signal pulse.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the first neutron-sensing material comprises a carbazolyl dicyanobenzene.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the internal fluorescence efficiency of the first neutron-sensing material is greater than 25%.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the scintillator further comprises a second neutron-sensing material for detecting thermal neutrons.