Emission source and method of forming the same
In various embodiments, an emission source may be provided. The emission source may also include a gain medium including a halide semiconductor material. The emission source may further include a pump source configured to provide energy to the gain medium.
1. An emission source comprising:
a gain medium that provides optical amplification, the gain medium comprising a three-dimensional halide perovskite material; and
a pump source configured to provide energy to the gain medium comprising the three-dimensional halide perovskite material so that the gain medium generates a coherent stimulated light to emit a laser beam and the gain medium generates amplified spontaneous emission based on the energy provided,
wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material is a halide semiconductor material, and
wherein the gain medium has a trap density below 10 18 cm −3 .
2. The emission source according to claim 1 ,
wherein the pump source is an optical source configured to provide light as energy to the gain medium.
3. The emission source according to claim 1 ,
wherein the pump source is an electrical source configured to provide electrical energy to the gain medium.
4. The emission source according to claim 1 , the emission source further comprising:
a resonant cavity, the gain medium arranged within the resonant cavity;
wherein the resonant cavity is defined by a first reflective structure and a second reflective structure, the gain medium arranged between the first reflective structure and the second reflective structure along an optical axis.
5. The emission source according to claim 4 ,
wherein the first reflective structure is arranged to reflect light incident on the first reflective structure towards the second reflective structure along the optical axis and the second reflective structure is arranged to reflect light incident on the second reflective surface towards the first reflective surface along the optical axis.
6. The emission source according to claim 4 ,
wherein the first reflective structure is partially transparent so that light incident in the first reflective structure is partially transmitted through the first reflective structure and partially reflected towards the second reflective structure along the optical axis.
7. The emission source according to claim 1 ,
wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material comprises an organic ammonium cation.
8. The emission source according to claim 7 ,
wherein the organic ammonium cation is selected from a group consisting of an ammonium ion, a hydroxylammonium ion, a methylammonium ion, a hydrazinium ion, an azetidinium ion, a formamidinium ion, an imidazolium ion, a dimethylammonium ion, an ethylammonium ion, a phenethylammonium ion, a guanidinium ion, a cation with formula [C n H 2n+1 NH 3 ] + where 2<n<20 and combinations thereof.
9. The emission source according to claim 1 ,
wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material comprises one or more metal cations selected from a cationic 2+ group.
10. The emission source according to claim 1 ,
wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material comprises one or more halide anions selected from a group consisting of F − , I − , Cl − and Br − .
11. The emission source according to claim 1 ,
wherein the emission source is configured to generate light of a wavelength from a range of about 250 nm to about 1 mm.
12. The emission source according to claim 1 ,
wherein the gain medium has undergone a post film treatment.
13. The emission source according to claim 1 ,
wherein the gain medium further comprises additives to control trap density.
14. The emission source according to claim 1 , wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material comprises a three-dimensional organic-inorganic halide perovskite material.
15. The emission source according to claim 1 , wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material is represented by general formula AMX 3 , where A is a monopositive organic or inorganic ion, M is a divalent metal cation or element, and X is a halogen anion or element.
16. The emission source according to claim 1 , wherein the emission source is operable at room temperature.
17. The emission source according to claim 1 , wherein amplified spontaneous emission occurs above a threshold pump fluence of 10 μJ cm −2 at 300 K.
18. The emission source according to claim 1 , wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material is CsSnI 3 .
19. The emission source according to claim 1 , wherein the gain medium comprises SnF 2 .
20. The emission source according to claim 1 , wherein the gain medium has a trap density below 10 17 cm −3 .
21. The emission source according to claim 1 , wherein the gain medium has a trap density below 10 16 cm −3 .
22. A method of forming an emission source, the method comprising:
providing a gain medium that provides optical amplification, the gain medium comprising a three-dimensional halide perovskite material; and
providing a pump source configured to provide energy to the gain medium comprising the three-dimensional halide perovskite material so that the gain medium generates a coherent stimulated light to emit a laser beam and the gain medium generates amplified spontaneous emission based on the energy provided,
wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material is a halide semiconductor material, and
wherein the gain medium has a trap density below 10 18 cm −3 .
23. The method according to claim 22 ,
wherein the gain medium is arranged within a resonant cavity by arranging the gain medium between a first reflective structure and a second reflective structure along an optical axis.
24. The method according to claim 23 ,
wherein the first reflective structure is arranged to reflect light incident on the first reflective structure towards the second reflective structure along the optical axis and the second reflective structure is arranged to reflect light incident on the second reflective surface towards the first reflective surface along the optical axis.
25. The method according to claim 23 ,
wherein the first reflective structure is partially transparent so that light incident in the first reflective structure is partially transmitted through the first reflective structure and partially reflected towards the second reflective structure along the optical axis.
26. The method according to claim 22 ,
wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material is formed by reacting a metal halide with an organic or inorganic halide.
27. The method according to claim 22 ,
wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material is formed by printing processes, physical deposition methods or combinations thereof.
28. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material comprises a three-dimensional organic-inorganic halide perovskite material.
29. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material is represented by general formula AMX 3 , where A is a monopositive organic or inorganic ion, M is a divalent metal cation or element, and X is a halogen anion or element.
30. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the emission source is operable at room temperature.
31. The method according to claim 22 , wherein amplified spontaneous emission occurs above a threshold pump fluence of 10 μJ cm −2 at 300 K.
32. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the three-dimensional halide perovskite material is CsSnI 3 .
33. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the gain medium comprises SnF 2 .
34. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the gain medium has a trap density below 10 17 cm −3 .
35. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the gain medium has a trap density below 10 16 cm −3 .