Proppant compositions and methods of use
View Patent ↗Proppant compositions for use in hydraulic fracturing and methods of using same are disclosed herein. The proppant compositions include a plurality of proppant particulates and at least one particulate of the plurality of proppant particulates containing at least one tracer, wherein the at least one tracer separates from the at least one particulate located inside a fracture of a subterranean formation after a period of time.
1. A proppant composition for use in hydraulic fracturing, the composition comprising:
a plurality of proppant particulates;
nanoparticle tracers releasably attached to the plurality of proppant particulates; and
a degradable resin compound at least partially coating the plurality of proppant particulates;
wherein the nanoparticle tracers separate from the plurality of proppant particulates when the proppant composition is located inside a fracture of a subterranean formation after a predetermined period of time;
wherein the nanoparticle tracers are metallic nanoparticles.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of proppant particulates has a long term permeability measured in accordance with ISO 13503-5 at 7,500 psi of at least about 10 Darcies.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle tracers separates from the plurality of proppant particulates located inside the fracture at a known rate.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of proppant particulates comprises non-porous particulates and porous particulates.
5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the composition has a permeability that is at least equal to the permeability of the non-porous particulates.
6. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the composition has a conductivity that is at least about 70% of the conductivity of the non-porous particulates.
7. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the non-porous particulates contain the tracer.
8. The composition of claim 4 , wherein at least one of the non-porous particulates and the porous particulates have an apparent specific gravity that is less than 3.1 g/cm 3 .
9. The composition of claim 4 , wherein at least one of the non-porous particulates and the porous particulates have an apparent specific gravity of from 3.1 to 3.4 g/cm 3 .
10. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the non-porous particulates and the porous particulates has an apparent specific gravity that is greater than 3.4 g/cm 3 .
11. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the proppant composition has a conductivity that is at least equal to the conductivity of the non-porous particulates.
12. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the non-porous particulate is selected from the group consisting of light weight non-porous ceramic proppant, intermediate density non-porous ceramic proppant and high density non-porous ceramic proppant.
13. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the porous particulate is selected from the group consisting of light weight porous ceramic proppant, intermediate density porous ceramic proppant and high density porous ceramic proppant.
14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle tracers do not degrade at temperatures greater than about 150° C.
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle tracers have a size in its longest dimension from about 100 nm to about 150 nm.
16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle tracers comprise a dopant.
17. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the dopant is attached to a substrate of the nanoparticle tracers.
18. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the dopant comprises one or more elements selected from the lanthanide series, the actinide series, transition metals having an atomic number of 21 or greater, or p-block metals having an atomic number of 31 or greater, or any combination thereof.
19. The composition of claim 17 , wherein the dopant is monocationically or polycationically doped to the nanoparticle substrate.
20. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the degradable resin compound is selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid, water-soluble polymers and cross-linkable water-soluble polymers.