Electronics for a thin bed array induction logging system
A logging tool electronics system is disclosed with noise minimization features and pulse compression signal processing techniques to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of array induction logging tools. The borehole is radiated with a magnetic field produced by a configurable multi-frequency and/or multi-amplitude sine wave signal stimulus section driving a fully differential single transmitter coil. Received signals from multiple mutually balanced fully differential receiver arrays are processed by receiver signal chains using adaptive algorithms under firmware control. The received signals are used to determine the conductivity and resistivity of the formation surrounding the borehole.
1. Apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity of a rock formation surrounding a wellbore, comprising:
a housing adapted for operation of electronic apparatus in a wellbore;
means for generating a linear amplitude modulated multi-amplitude sine wave at variable amplitudes enveloped within pulse compressed time intervals and pulse widths, wherein a phase accuracy of electronic circuits for generating sine wave and pulse signals is designed for stability over a range of wellbore temperatures;
a differentially driven transmitter coil disposed at a selected location on the housing connected for receiving and transmitting the signals from the first electronic circuits;
a plurality of mutually balanced fully differential receiver coils disposed at selected locations on the housing, each coil connected to second digitally-controlled electronic circuits for amplifying and filtering signals from the receiver coils;
a phase-sensitive detector and low pass filter for receiving signals from the second electronic circuits and the first electronic circuits and producing in-phase and quadrature out-of-phase signals as an analog signal; and
an analog-to-digital converter to process the analog signal and produce a digital signal for transmission.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a current sensor in the first electronic circuits for sensing current to the transmitter coil and sending a signal to an electronic circuit, the electronic circuit including a phase-sensitive detector and low pass filter for receiving signals from the current sensor and providing an internal reference signal.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the receiver coils are accessed, calibrated and synchronized in parallel by a real-time processor that collects data, drives the tool and communicates with a telemetry system.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the receiver coils are accessed, calibrated and synchronized in parallel by a real-time processor in a selected cycle time.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising sensors under control of the controller.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the phase-sensitive detector is based on square wave reference signals generated in the first digitally-controlled electronic circuits for generating sine wave and pulse signals.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the apparatus includes five pairs of receivers, each receiver having main and bucking coils in series.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the sine wave signals are generated at three amplitudes sequentially.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second transmitter coil, which may be in a separate tool.
10. Apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity of a rock formation surrounding a wellbore, comprising:
a housing adapted for operation of electronic apparatus in a wellbore;
means for generating a linear multi-frequency and amplitude modulated multi-frequency and multi-amplitude sine wave at variable frequencies and amplitudes enveloped within pulse compressed time intervals and pulse widths, wherein a phase accuracy of electronic circuits for generating sine wave and pulse signals is designed for stability over a range of wellbore temperatures;
a differentially driven transmitter coil disposed at a selected location on the housing connected for receiving and transmitting the signals from the first electronic circuits;
a plurality of mutually balanced fully differential receiver coils disposed at selected locations on the housing, each coil connected to second digitally-controlled electronic circuits for amplifying and filtering signals from the receiver coils;
a phase-sensitive detector and low pass filter for receiving signals from the second electronic circuits and the first electronic circuits and producing in-phase and quadrature out-of-phase signals as an analog signal; and
an analog-to-digital converter to process the analog signal and produce a digital signal for transmission.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a current sensor in the first electronic circuits for sensing current to the transmitter coil and sending a signal to an electronic circuit, the electronic circuit including a phase-sensitive detector and low pass filter for receiving signals from the current sensor and providing an internal reference signal.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the receiver coils are accessed, calibrated and synchronized in parallel by a real-time processor that collects data, drives the tool and communicates with a telemetry system.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the receiver coils are accessed, calibrated and synchronized in parallel by a real-time processor in a selected cycle time.
14. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising sensors under control of the controller.
15. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the phase-sensitive detector is based on square wave reference signals generated in the first digitally-controlled electronic circuits for generating sine wave and pulse signals.
16. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the apparatus includes five pairs of receivers, each receiver having main and bucking coils in series.
17. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the same wave signals are generated at three amplitudes sequentially.
18. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a second transmitter coil, which may be in a separate tool.