Filament for X-ray cathode
View Patent ↗Embodiments include an X-ray cathode filament, filament system, process to manufacture the filament and process to use the filament, where the filament includes a planar substrate, such as of tungsten, having a top surface coated with a coating of carburized tungsten (e.g., W 2 C) and thoria (ThO 2 ). A first electron beam is emitted from the coating through a thermionic effect at a first temperature, such as when the filament is heated to between 1700 and 1900 degrees Celsius by running an electrical current through the filament. At this temperature, a second electron beam may be caused by (1) a reaction that includes creating thorium (Th) in the coating, and (2) the thorium diffusing to uncoated surfaces of the substrate from which the second electron beam is emitted. The filament may also have slots forming a zipper shape, forming a square switchback shape, or forming a rectangular labyrinth shape to reduce the current required to heat the filament.
1. An x-ray cathode filament comprising:
a substrate comprising a planar substrate of a substrate material; and
a coating comprising carburized tungsten (W 2 C) and thoria (ThO 2 ) disposed upon a first surface the substrate;
wherein a first electron beam emits from the coating through a thermionic effect at a first temperature, wherein a second electron beam emits at the first temperature from uncoated surfaces of the substrate that the thorium diffuses to.
2. The filament of claim 1 , wherein the first electron beam that emits from the coating is caused by (1) a reaction that includes creating thorium (Th) in the coating, and (2) the thorium diffusing to surface of the coating.
3. The filament of claim 1 , wherein the coating comprises thoriated ditungsten carbide (ThO 2 W 2 C); and wherein when heated to the first temperature, the coating converts to thorium (Th), carbon monoxide (CO) and tungsten (W or 4W).
4. The filament of claim 3 , wherein coating comprises a coating of thoriated ditungsten carbide (ThO 2 W 2 C) having between 1 and 5% thoria (ThO 2 ); and the coating is coated directly on a top surface of the substrate.
5. The filament of claim 1 , wherein the thorium diffusing to surfaces of the substrate includes the thorium diffusing to surfaces of the substrate adjacent to the coating; including the substrate parallel left and right side surfaces of the substrate, parallel upper and lower surfaces of the substrate, and a planar bottom surface of the substrate opposite the planar top surface.
6. The filament of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes electrical contacts and the coating is disposed upon all of the planar top surface of the substrate except for the contacts, and wherein the reaction that includes creating thorium (Th), carbon monoxide (CO) and quadtungsten (4W) in the coating.
7. The filament of claim 6 , wherein the electrical contacts comprise a first contact disposed at a first corner of the top surface and a second contact disposed at a second corner of the top surface, the first corner opposite the second corner.
8. The filament of claim 1 , further comprising slots through the substrate and the coating, the slots extending across most of a width of the substrate and the coating to form rungs or paths of the substrate and the coating between the slots.
9. The filament of claim 8 , wherein the slots form a zipper shape, a square switchback shape, or a rectangular labyrinth shape to reduce the current required to heat the filament.
10. The filament of claim 1 , wherein the coating has a work function of 3.1 electron volts and the substrate material has a work function of 4.5 electron volts.
11. A method of manufacturing an x-ray cathode filament comprising:
forming a substrate comprising a planar substrate of a substrate material comprising tungsten;
coating a planar top surface of the substrate material with a coating comprising tungsten (W) and thoria (ThO 2 ); and
carburizing the coating to convert the coating to thoriated ditungsten carbide (ThO 2 W 2 C).
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein coating comprises depositing a coating of a powder, a paste, a slurry, a laminate or a screen printing of coating of tungsten having between 1 and 5% thoria (ThO 2 ) directly onto a top surface of the substrate.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein carburizing comprises heating the substrate to carburize the tungsten in the substrate to form ditungsten carbide (W 2 C); and heating the coating to form thoriated ditungsten carbide (ThO 2 W 2 C).
14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising forming slots across a portion but not the entire width of the filament, wherein the slots are formed in one of a ladder formation or a rectangular spiral formation.
15. A method of manufacturing an x-ray cathode filament comprising:
forming slots across a portion but not the entire width of a filament comprising a substrate and a coating on the substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a planar substrate of substrate material, and wherein the coating comprises tungsten (W) and thoria (ThO 2 ) disposed upon a planar top surface the substrate; and
carburizing the coating to convert the coating to thoriated ditungsten carbide (ThO 2 W 2 C).
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the slots are formed in one of a ladder formation or a rectangular spiral formation and wherein coating comprises a coating of thoriated ditungsten carbide (ThO 2 W 2 C) having between 1 and 5% thoria (ThO 2 ) and is coated directly on a top surface of the substrate.
17. A method of emitting an electron beam from an x-ray cathode filament comprising:
heating a filament to a first temperature, wherein heating comprises passing an electrical current through the filament, the filament comprising a substrate and a coating on the substrate;
wherein the substrate comprises a planar substrate of substrate material; and wherein the coating comprises carburized tungsten (W 2 C) and thoria (ThO 2 ) disposed upon a planar top surface the substrate; and
wherein heating the filament to the first temperature causes the electron beam to be emitted from the coating through a thermionic effect at the first temperature, wherein the electron beam emitted from the coating is caused by (1) a reaction that includes creating thorium (Th) in the coating, and (2) the thorium diffusing to surfaces of the coating.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising emitting a second electron beam from uncoated surfaces of the substrate that the thorium diffuses to.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein heating the filament includes passing an electrical current through the filament, and the first temperature is between 1600 and 1900 degrees Celsius.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the emitted electron beam is a focused electron beam emitted perpendicular a top surface of the coating, and wherein the first temperature is less than a temperature required to emit an electron beam from tungsten.
21. A filament comprising:
a means for emitting an electron beam through a thermionic effect at a first temperature from a coating on a substrate, the beam caused by (1) a reaction that includes creating thorium (Th) in the coating, and (2) the thorium diffusing to surface of the coating; and
a means for emitting a second electron beam at the first temperature from uncoated surfaces of the substrate that the thorium diffuses to.