Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use
View Patent ↗Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use are disclosed herein. The proppant particles can include a sintered ceramic material and can have a size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh and an average largest pore size of less than about 20 microns. The methods of use can include injecting a hydraulic fluid into a subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to open a fracture therein and injecting a fluid containing a proppant particle into the fracture, the proppant particle including a sintered ceramic material, a size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh, and an average largest pore size of less than about 20 microns.
1. A proppant particle, comprising:
a sintered ceramic material;
a size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh ;
an average largest pore size of less than about 20 microns; and
a surface roughness of less than about 4 microns.
2. The proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the sintered ceramic material comprises kaolin.
3. The proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the proppant particle consists essentially of the sintered ceramic material.
4. The proppant particle of claim 3 , wherein the sintered ceramic material consists essentially of sintered alumina.
5. The proppant particle of claim 3 , wherein the sintered ceramic material consists essentially of sintered kaolin.
6. The proppant particle of claim 3 , wherein the sintered ceramic material consists essentially of sintered bauxite.
7. The proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein impinging a plurality of the proppant particle under a gas-entrained velocity of about 260 m/s onto a flat mild steel target results in an erosivity of the target of about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg.
8. The proppant particle of claim 1 , further comprising a surface roughness of less than about 3 microns.
9. The proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle has a long-term permeability greater than 130 darcies at a stress of 10,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5 when the proppant particle has a size of about 20-40 mesh and a specific gravity of about 2.7.
10. The proppant particle of claim 4 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle has a long-term permeability greater than 75 darcies at a stress of 20,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5 when the proppant particle has a size of about 20-40 mesh.
11. The proppant particle of claim 5 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle has a long-term permeability greater than 70 darcies at a stress of 12,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5 when the proppant particle has a size of about 20-40 mesh.
12. The proppant particle of claim 6 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle has a long-term permeability greater than 110 darcies at a stress of 14,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5 when the proppant particle has a size of about 20-40 mesh and a specific gravity of about 3.3.
13. The proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the proppant particle has an appropriate strength, appropriate strength being defined as a decrease of less than 85% of long term fluid permeability, as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5 at 250° F., of a pack of test particles, the test particles having the same composition and method of making as the proppant particle, when a stress applied to the pack of test particles increases from 2,000 psi to 20,000 psi and the test particles are in the size range of 20-40 mesh and the test particles have a specific gravity above 3.5.
14. The proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle having a size of about 20-40 mesh with a specific gravity above 3.5 loses less than 15% of its long term liquid conductivity at 20,000 psi after being subjected to 5 cycles of cyclic loading under stresses from about 12,000 psi to about 20,000 psi.
15. The proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle in a size range of 20-40 mesh with a specific gravity above 3.5 has an increase in beta factor of less than 0.0005 at 20,000 psi after being subjected to 5 cycles of cyclic loading under stresses from about 12,000 psi to about 20,000 psi.
16. A pack of proppant particles, comprising:
a plurality of proppant particles, each proppant particle of the plurality comprising:
a sintered ceramic material;
a size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh;
an average largest pore size of less than about 20 microns; and
a surface roughness of less than about 4 microns; and
a long term permeability greater than 130 darcies at a stress of 10,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5 when the proppant particles have a size of about 20-40 mesh and a specific gravity of about 2.7.
17. The pack of claim 16 , wherein the sintered ceramic material comprises kaolin.
18. The pack of claim 16 , wherein the plurality of proppant particles consists essentially of the sintered ceramic material.
19. The pack of claim 18 , wherein the sintered ceramic material consists essentially of sintered alumina.
20. The pack of claim 18 , wherein the sintered ceramic material consists essentially of sintered kaolin.
21. The pack of claim 18 , wherein the sintered ceramic material consists essentially of sintered bauxite.
22. The pack of claim 19 , wherein the proppant particles have a size of about 20-40 mesh and the pack has a long-term permeability greater than 75 darcies at a stress of 20,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5.
23. The pack of claim 20 , wherein the proppant particles have a size of about 20-40 mesh and the pack has a long-term permeability greater than 70 darcies at a stress of 12,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5.
24. The pack of claim 21 , wherein the proppant particles have a size of about 20-40 mesh and a specific gravity of about 3.3 and wherein the pack has a long-term permeability greater than 110 darcies at a stress of 14,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5.
25. The pack of claim 16 , wherein impinging the plurality of the proppant particles under a gas-entrained velocity of about 260 m/s onto a flat mild steel target results in an erosivity of the target of about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg.
26. The pack of claim 16 , wherein the proppant particles have a size of about 20-40 mesh and a specific gravity above about 3.5 and the pack loses less than 15% of its conductivity at 20,000 psi after being subjected to 5 cycles of cyclic loading under stresses from about 12,000 psi to about 20,000 psi.
27. The pack of claim 16 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particles in a size range of 20-40 mesh and a specific gravity above 3.5 has an increase in beta factor of less than 0.0005 at 20,000 psi after being subjected to 5 cycles of cyclic loading under stresses from about 12,000 psi to about 20,000 psi.
28. A method of hydraulic fracturing a subterranean formation, comprising:
injecting a hydraulic fluid into a subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to open a fracture therein; and
injecting a fluid containing a proppant particle into the fracture, the proppant particle comprising:
a sintered ceramic material;
a size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh;
an average largest pore size of less than about 20 microns; and
a surface roughness of less than about 4 microns.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the sintered ceramic material comprises sintered kaolin.
30. The method of claim 28 , wherein the proppant particle consists essentially of the sintered ceramic material.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the sintered ceramic material consists essentially of sintered alumina.
32. The method of claim 30 , wherein the sintered ceramic material consists essentially of sintered kaolin.
33. The method of claim 30 , wherein the sintered ceramic material consists essentially of sintered bauxite.
34. The method of claim 28 , wherein impinging a plurality of the proppant particle under a gas entrained velocity of about 260 m/s onto a flat mild steel target results in an erosivity of the target of about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg.
35. The method of claim 28 , wherein the proppant particle has a size of about 20-40 mesh and a specific gravity above about 3.5 and a plurality of the proppant particle loses less than 15% of its conductivity at 20,000 psi after being subjected to 5 cycles of cyclic loading under stresses from about 12,000 psi to about 20,000 psi.
36. The method of claim 28 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle in a size range of 20-40 mesh and a specific gravity of above 3.5 has an increase in beta factor of less than 0.0005 at 20,000 psi after being subjected to 5 cycles of cyclic loading under stresses from about 12,000 psi to about 20,000 psi.
37. The method of claim 30 , wherein injecting a fluid containing the proppant particle into the fracture results in a pack of a plurality of the proppant particle, the proppant particle having a size of about 20-40 mesh and a specific gravity of about 2.7 and the pack having a long-term permeability greater than 130 darcies at a stress of 10,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5.
38. A proppant particle, comprising:
a sintered ceramic material consisting essentially of sintered kaolin;
wherein the proppant particle has a size of about 40 mesh to about 20 mesh, an average largest pore size of less than about 20 microns, a surface roughness of less than about 4 microns, and an outer surface consisting essentially of the sintered ceramic material, and wherein impinging a plurality of the proppant particle under a gas-entrained velocity of about 260 m/s onto a flat mild steel target results in an erosivity of the target of about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg.
39. The proppant particle of claim 38 , further comprising a surface roughness of less than about 3 microns.
40. The proppant particle of claim 38 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle has a long-term permeability greater than 130 darcies at a stress of 10,000 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5 when the proppant particle has a specific gravity of about 2.7.
41. The proppant particle of claim 38 , wherein the proppant particle has an appropriate strength, appropriate strength being defined as a decrease of less than 85% of long term fluid permeability, as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5 at 250° F., of a pack of test particles, the test particles having the same composition and method of making as the proppant particle, when a stress applied to the pack of test particles increases from 2,000 psi to 20,000 psi and the test particles are in the size range of 20-40 mesh and the test particles have a specific gravity above 3.5.
42. The proppant particle of claim 38 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle having a specific gravity above 3.5 loses less than 15% of its long term liquid conductivity at 20,000 psi after being subjected to 5 cycles of cyclic loading under stresses from about 12,000 psi to about 20,000 psi.
43. The proppant particle of claim 38 , wherein a plurality of the proppant particle with a specific gravity above 3.5 has an increase in beta factor of less than 0.0005 at 20,000 psi after being subjected to 5 cycles of cyclic loading under stresses from about 12,000 psi to about 20,000 psi.
44. The proppant particle of claim 1 , further comprising a standard deviation in pore size of less than 4 microns.
45. The proppant particle of claim 1 , further comprising less than 3,000 visible pores at a magnification of 500× per square millimeter of proppant.
46. The pack of claim 16 , wherein each proppant particle further comprises a standard deviation in pore size of less than 4 microns.
47. The pack of claim 16 , wherein each proppant particle further comprises less than 3,000 visible pores at a magnification of 500× per square millimeter of proppant.
48. The proppant particle of claim 38 , further comprising a standard deviation in pore size of less than 4 microns.