Pseudo-conductor antennas
Techniques, devices and systems use pseudo-conductor materials as antennas to receive or radiate electromagnetic energy for communications and other applications. Methods of configuring an antenna can include, in some implementations, selecting a pseudo-conductor material having an electromagnetic constitutive property, wherein the electromagnetic constitutive property comprises a real part of the electromagnetic constitutive property that is greater than a corresponding imaginary part of the electromagnetic constitutive property; and forming the pseudo-conductor material into an antenna shape configured, upon being excited, to radiate emissions that satisfy a predefined antenna performance, such that the pseudo-conductor material formed in the antenna shape weakly guides an electromagnetic wave on the pseudo-conductor material using a leaky mode that is below cutoff to establish a field structure to radiate the emissions from the pseudo-conductor material that satisfy the antenna performance.
1. A method of configuring an antenna, comprising:
selecting a pseudo-conductor material having an electromagnetic constitutive property having a real part greater than a corresponding imaginary part of the electromagnetic constitutive property; and
forming the pseudo-conductor material into an antenna located above and adjacent to an electrically conducting surface, wherein the antenna, upon being excited, operates to radiate an electromagnetic emission that satisfies a predefined antenna performance.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is configured to radiate the electromagnetic emission in a frequency range from a HF range (3 MHz in frequency or 100 meters in wavelength to 30 MHz in frequency or 10 meters in wavelength) to an UHF range (300 MHz in frequency or 1 meter in wavelength to 3 GHz in frequency or 0.1 meter in wavelength).
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is separated from the electrically conducting surface so that a height of the antenna from a top part of the antenna to the electrically conducting surface is small and up to about 2 inches.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is separated from the electrically conducting surface so that a height of the antenna from a top part of the antenna to the electrically conducting surface is a fraction of one radiation wavelength of the radiated electromagnetic emission in the HF or UHF range.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is separated from the electrically conducting surface by a spacing less than about 2 inches.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is configured to radiate the electromagnetic emission in a frequency range from a HF range to an UHF range.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is separated from the electrically conducting surface by a spacing less than 2 inches.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material has a thickness of about 0.5 inches or greater.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is embedded in a conducting channel or indentation in the electrically conducting surface so that an outer mold line of the electrically conducting surface remains unaltered in the presence of the antenna.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic constitutive property is the magnetic permeability.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the magnetic permeability is between about 20 and 160 at frequencies from a HF range to an UHF range.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the ratio of the real part of the magnetic permeability to the real part of the permittivity is about 3:1 to about 10:1.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is structured to guide a weakly guided electromagnetic wave on the pseudo-conductor material to establish a field structure to radiate emissions from the pseudo-conductor material in a way that enhances the antenna radiation efficiency.
14. An antenna device based on a pseudo-conductor material, comprising:
an antenna support including an electrically conducting surface;
an antenna coupled to the antenna support and made of a pseudo-conductor material having an electromagnetic constitutive property which has a real part of the electromagnetic constitutive property greater than a corresponding imaginary part of the electromagnetic constitutive property, the pseudo-conductor material located adjacent to and separated from the electrically conducting surface; and
an antenna circuit coupled to the pseudo-conductor material and configured to excite the pseudo-conductor material to radiate or receive an electromagnetic energy.
15. The antenna device of claim 14 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is configured to radiate the electromagnetic emission in a frequency range from a HF range (3 MHz in frequency or 100 meters in wavelength to 30 MHz in frequency or 10 meter in wavelength) to an UHF range (300 MHz in frequency or 1 meter in wavelength to 3 GHz in frequency or 0.1 meter in wavelength).
16. The antenna device of claim 15 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is separated from the electrically conducting surface so that a height of the antenna from a top part of the antenna to the electrically conducting surface is small and up to about 2 inches.
17. The antenna device of claim 15 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is separated from the electrically conducting surface so that a height of the antenna from a top part of the antenna to the electrically conducting surface is a fraction of one radiation wavelength of the radiated electromagnetic emission in the HF or UHF range.
18. The antenna device of claim 15 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is separated from the electrically conducting surface by a spacing less than 2 inches.
19. The antenna device of claim 15 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is configured to radiate the electromagnetic emission in a frequency range from a HF range to an UHF range.
20. The antenna device of claim 14 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is separated from the electrically conducting surface by a spacing less than 2 inches.
21. The antenna device of claim 14 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material has a thickness of about 0.5 inches or greater.
22. The antenna device of claim 14 , wherein the electromagnetic constitutive property is the magnetic permeability.
23. The antenna device of claim 22 , wherein:
the magnetic permeability is between about 20 and 160 at from a HF range to an UHF range.
24. The antenna device of claim 22 , wherein:
the ratio of the real part of the magnetic permeability to the real part of the permittivity is about 3:1 to about 10:1.
25. The antenna device of claim 14 , wherein:
the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is structured to guide a weakly guided electromagnetic wave on the pseudo-conductor material to establish a field structure to radiate emissions from the pseudo-conductor material in a way that enhances the antenna radiation efficiency.
26. The antenna device of claim 14 , wherein the antenna of the pseudo-conductor material is positioned over, conformal to and separated from the electrically conducting surface.
27. The antenna device of claim 14 , wherein:
the pseudo-conductive material includes a part that is shaped to be conformal to the electrically conductive plane.
28. The antenna device of claim 14 , wherein the pseudo-conductor material includes a first pseudo-conductor material piece and a second, separate pseudo-conductor material piece, and
wherein the antenna device includes:
first and second metal wires that are separate from each other and positioned relative to each other to form a dipole antenna,
wherein the first pseudo-conductor material piece is connected to a distal end of the first metal wire and the second pseudo-conductor material piece is connected to a distal end of the second metal wire in a configuration that the first and second pseudo-conductor material pieces form radiating or receiving elements of the dipole antenna.