Microwave plasma sterilisation system and applicators therefor
A sterilization system having a controllable non-ionizing microwave radiation source for providing microwave energy for combining with a gas to produce atmospheric low temperature plasma for sterilizing biological tissue surfaces or the like. A plasma generating region may be contained in a hand held plasma applicator. The system may include an impedance adjustor e.g. integrated in the plasma applicator arranged to set a plasma strike condition and plasma sustain condition. The gas and microwave energy may be transported to a plasma generating region along an integrated cable assembly. The integrated cable assembly may provide a two way gas flow arrangement to permit residual gas to be removed from the surface. Invasive surface plasma treatment is therefore possible. The plasma applicator may have multiple plasma emitters to produce a line or blanket of plasma.
1. A plasma sterilization apparatus comprising:
a plasma applicator having an enclosed plasma generating region and an outlet for directing plasma out of the plasma generating region towards a surface to be sterilised;
a microwave radiation generator connected to deliver microwave energy into the plasma generating region; and
a common cable assembly arranged to transport simultaneously the microwave energy and gas to the plasma generating region,
wherein the common cable assembly comprises a coaxial transmission line formed from an inner conductor, an outer conductor and a dielectric material separating the inner conductor from the outer conductor, wherein the inner conductor has a longitudinal bore therethrough for transporting the gas to the plasma generating region.
2. The plasma sterilization apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the common cable assembly comprises a longitudinal passageway formed beyond the outer conductor for transporting residual gas away from the plasma generating region.
3. The plasma sterilization apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the longitudinal passageway terminates at a reservoir from which the gas is re-introduced to the longitudinal bore.
4. The plasma sterilization apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the coaxial transmission line comprises a flexible tube made from the dielectric material, and wherein the inner conductor is conductive coating on an inner surface of the flexible tube and the outer conductor is a conductive coating on the outer surface of the flexible tube.
5. The plasma sterilization apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the common cable assembly has an outer diameter of less than 3 mm.
6. The plasma sterilization apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the common cable assembly comprises a coaxial waveguide arranged to support the propagation of a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave.
7. The plasma sterilization apparatus according to claim 6 , wherein the coaxial waveguide has an outer conductive wall located inside a protective jacket, and wherein a channel for transporting the gas is formed between the outer conductive wall of the waveguide and an inner wall of the protective jacket.
8. The plasma sterilization apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the common coaxial cable assembly has a first physical diameter, and wherein the plasma applicator comprises a hollow coaxial structure forming an instrument having a second physical diameter which is the same as the first physical diameter of the common coaxial cable assembly, and wherein the plasma applicator has an impedance transformer arranged to multiply a voltage at a distal end of the transmission line to strike the plasma.
9. The plasma sterilization apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a radiofrequency (RF) source, wherein the common cable assembly is arranged to transport RF energy from the RF source to the plasma generating region to strike the plasma and to transport the microwave energy from the microwave radiation generator to sustain the plasma.
10. A plasma sterilization apparatus comprising:
a plasma applicator having an enclosed plasma generating region and an outlet for directing plasma out of the plasma generating region towards a surface to be sterilised;
a microwave radiation generator connected to deliver microwave energy into the plasma generating region; and
a coaxial waveguide or transmission line arrangement comprising a tube of flexible dielectric material having a center section bored out or extruded to form a channel for directing a gas to the plasma generating region,
wherein the microwave energy has a frequency, and wherein inner and outer walls of the tube are coated with a metallic layer having a thickness between 1 and 10 skin depths at the frequency of the microwave energy.
11. The plasma sterilization apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the dielectric material is solid polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) having a loss factor between 0.0001 and 0.0008 at a frequency of 2.45 GHz.