Methods of forming 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid pinacol esters and methods of using the same

1. A method of forming and using a 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid pinacol ester, comprising:

contacting a 1-chloro-3-fluoro-2-substituted benzene with an alkyl lithium to form a lithiated 1-chloro-3-fluoro-2-substituted benzene;

contacting the lithiated 1-chloro-3-fluoro-2-substituted benzene with an electrophilic boronic acid derivative to form a 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronate;

reacting the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronate with an aqueous base to form a (4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenyl)trihydroxyborate;

reacting the (4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenyl)trihydroxyborate with an acid to form a 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid;

reacting the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid with 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol to form a 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid pinacol ester; and

subjecting the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid pinacol ester to a Suzuki's coupling reaction in a medium consisting of a Suzuki's coupling reactant, a palladium catalyst, a ligand, at least one solvent, and a base,

wherein the Suzuki's coupling reactant is a methyl 4-acetamido-3,6-dichloropicolinate to produce a 6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenyl)-4-aminopicolinate, or

wherein the Suzuki's coupling reactant is a methyl 6-acetamido-2-chloropyrimidine-4-carboxylate or a 6-amino-2-chloropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid to produce a 6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenyl)-4-aminopicolinate.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid with 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol comprises obtaining a yield of the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid pinacol ester of greater than or equal to about 90%.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the 1-chloro-3-fluoro-2-substituted benzene with the alkyl lithium comprises introducing an alkyl lithium into a solution comprising the 1-chloro-3-fluoro-2-substituted benzene and an anhydrous solvent to form a reaction mixture comprising the lithiated 1-chloro-3-fluoro-2-substituted benzene.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein contacting the lithiated 1-chloro-3-fluoro-2-substituted benzene with the electrophilic boronic acid derivative comprises adding the electrophilic boronic acid derivative to the reaction mixture to form a phenyl boronate solution comprising the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronate.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein reacting the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronate with the aqueous base comprises adding the aqueous base to the phenyl boronate solution to form a first multi-phase solution comprising a first aqueous phase and a first organic phase, the first aqueous phase comprising the (4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenyl)trihydroxyborate.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein reacting the (4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenyl)trihydroxyborate with an acid comprises:

separating the first aqueous phase and the first organic phase; and

adding the acid to the first aqueous phase to form a phenyl boronic acid solution comprising the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein reacting the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid with the 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol comprises:

adding a water miscible solvent to the phenyl boronic acid solution to form a second multi-phase solution comprising a second aqueous phase and a second organic phase, the second organic phase comprising the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid;

separating the second aqueous phase and the second organic phase; and

introducing the 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol into the second organic phase to form a pinacol ester solution comprising the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-substituted-phenylboronic acid pinacol ester.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein adding a water miscible solvent solution to the phenyl boronic acid solution comprises adding at least one of 4-methyl-2-pentanone, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate to the phenyl boronic acid solution.

9. A method of forming and using 2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethy- 1,3,2-dioxaborolane, comprising:

contacting 2-chloro-6-fluoroanisole with n-butyl lithium to form 6-chloro-2-fluoro-3-lithioanisole;

contacting the 6-chloro-2-fluoro-3-lithioanisole with trimethyl borate to form dimethyl 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronate;

reacting the dimethyl 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronate with aqueous potassium hydroxide to form potassium (4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)trihydroxyborate;

reacting the potassium (4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)trihydroxyborate with aqueous hydrochloric acid to form 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronic acid;

reacting the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronic acid with 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol to form a 2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- 1,3,2-dioxaborolane; and

subjecting the 2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane to a Suzuki's coupling reaction in a medium consisting of a Suzuki's coupling reactant, a palladium catalyst, a ligand, at least one solvent, and a base,

wherein the Suzuki's coupling reactant comprises at least one of methyl 4-acetamido-3,6-dichloropicolinate, methyl 6-acetamido-2-chloropyrimidine-4-carboxylate, or 6-amino-2-chloropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein reacting the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronic acid with the 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol comprises obtaining a yield of the 2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane of greater than or equal to about 90%.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein contacting the 2-chloro-6-fluoroanisole with the n-butyl lithium comprises introducing n-butyl lithium into a solution comprising the 2-chloro-6-fluoroanisole and at least one of 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane to form a reaction mixture comprising the 6-chloro-2-fluoro-3-lithioanisole.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein contacting the 6-chloro-2-fluoro-3-lithioanisole with the trimethyl borate comprises adding the trimethyl borate to the reaction mixture to form a phenyl boronate solution comprising the dimethyl 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronate.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein reacting the dimethyl 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronate with the aqueous potassium hydroxide comprises adding the aqueous potassium hydroxide to the phenyl boronate solution to form a first multi-phase solution comprising a first aqueous phase and a first organic phase, the first aqueous phase comprising the potassium (4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)trihydroxyborate.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein reacting the potassium (4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)trihydroxyborate with the aqueous hydrochloric acid comprises:

separating the first aqueous phase and the first organic phase; and

adding the aqueous hydrochloric acid to the first aqueous phase to form a phenyl boronic acid solution comprising the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronic acid.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein reacting the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronic acid with the 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol comprises:

adding at least one of 4-methyl-2-pentanone, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate to the phenyl boronic acid solution to form a second multi-phase solution comprising a second aqueous phase and a second organic phase, the second organic phase comprising the 4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronic acid;

separating the second aqueous phase and the second organic phase; and

introducing the 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol into the second organic phase to form a pinacol ester solution comprising the 2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane.