Low energy system and method of desalinating seawater
A low energy water treatment system and method is provided. The system has at least one electrodialysis device that produces partially treated water and a brine byproduct, a softener, and at least one electrodeionization device. The partially treated water stream can be softened by the softener to reduce the likelihood of scale formation and to reduce energy consumption in the electrodeionization device, which produces water having target properties. At least a portion of the energy used by the electrodeionization device can be generated by concentration differences between the brine and seawater streams introduced into compartments thereof. The brine stream can also be used to regenerate the softener.
1. A method of desalinating seawater comprising:
reducing a concentration of monovalent species in the seawater in a first desalting stage to produce partially desalted water;
producing a brine solution from the seawater, the brine solution having a total dissolved solids concentration that is greater than the concentration of total dissolved solids in the seawater;
introducing the partially desalted water into a first depleting compartment of an electrically-driven separation device; and
introducing the brine solution into a second depleting compartment of the electrically-driven separation device, the second depleting compartment included in a concentration cell pair along with a half-cell concentration compartment, wherein introducing the brine solution into the second depleting compartment induces transportation of at least a portion of a dissolved species from the partially desalted water in the first depleting compartment into the half-cell concentration compartment of the concentration cell pair under the influence of a concentration-induced electrical potential developed in the concentration cell pair.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising replacing at least a portion of dissolved non-monovalent species in the partially desalted water with dissolved monovalent species.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein reducing the concentration of the monovalent species of seawater comprises selectively reducing the concentration of dissolved monovalent species in an electrodialysis device.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein producing the brine solution comprises promoting transport of at least a portion of dissolved species from the seawater into a second seawater stream flowing in a concentration compartment of an electrodialysis device.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
electrolytically generating at least one of chlorine and a hypochlorite species in an anode compartment of at least one of an electrolytic device, an electrodialysis device and the electrically-driven separation device, and
electrolytically generating a caustic stream in one or more compartments of at least one of the electrolytic device, the electrodialysis device, and the electrically driven separation device.
6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising at least partially disinfecting at least a portion of the seawater with the generated chlorine or hypochlorite species.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising passing at least a portion of the seawater through a nanofiltration system before reducing the concentration of monovalent species of seawater in the first desalting stage.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
combining the partially desalted water with a second partially treated water stream to produce a combined partially treated stream; and
treating the combined partially treated stream in an ion exchange system.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein transporting the at least a portion of the dissolved species from the partially desalted water in the first depleting compartment into the half-cell concentration compartment of the concentration cell pair produces a concentrate stream and an at least partially treated water.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein introducing the partially desalted water into the first depleting compartment of the electrically-driven separation device comprises introducing the partially desalted water into a first depleting compartment of an electrically-driven separation device having at least one of a monovalent anion selective membrane and a monovalent cation selective membrane.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein producing the concentration stream comprises producing a concentration stream having a salinity content of at least about 10 wt. %.
12. The method of claim 9 , further comprising transporting at least a portion of the at least partially treated water to an ion exchange system.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising treating the at least partially treated water in the ion exchange system to exchange non-monovalent species in the at least partially treated water for monovalent species.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising positioning ion exchange resin in at least one of the first depleting compartment and the half-cell concentration compartment.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the ion exchange resin comprises a mixed bed.
16. The method of claim 9 , further comprising introducing the at least partially treated water to a third depleting compartment.
17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing the brine solution to a second half-cell concentration compartment.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein introducing the partially desalted water into the first depleting compartment of the electrically-driven separation device comprises introducing the partially desalted water into a first depleting compartment of an electrically-driven separation device having a sufficient number of concentration cell pairs to provide a concentration-induced electrical potential sufficient to desalinate the at least partially treated water to a desired level.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein introducing the partially desalted water into the first depleting compartment of the electrically-driven separation device comprises introducing the partially desalted water into a first depleting compartment of a Donnan-enhanced electrodeionization device.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein introducing the partially desalted water into the first depleting compartment of the electrically-driven separation device comprises introducing the partially desalted water into a first depleting compartment of an electrically-driven separation device comprising a circular cylindrical shell.
21. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing a feed stream into the half-cell concentration compartment.
22. The method of claim 20 , further comprising introducing the feed stream counter-currently relative to the direction of the brine solution into the first depleting compartment.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the brine solution has a total dissolved solids concentration that is at least twice the concentration of total dissolved solids in the seawater.