Modulators

1. An allosteric antibody that binds to insulin receptor, and that binds a complex comprising insulin and insulin receptor with an equilibrium dissociation constant K D of 10 −5 M or less, and that is capable of weakening the binding affinity between insulin and insulin receptor by at least about 3-fold.

2. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the binding affinity is any one of K A , K D , the ratio of on rate to off rate, or the ratio of off rate to on rate.

3. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the antibody increases the EC50 of insulin signaling activity by about 2-fold to 1000-fold, optionally in a pAKT assay.

4. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 279, 241, 258, 155, and 228 and a light chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 139, 103, 119, 8, and 89.

5. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the antibody comprises

(a) the heavy chain variable region of any of Ab081 (SEQ ID NO: 279), Ab061 (SEQ ID NO: 241), Ab070 (SEQ ID NO: 258), Ab020 (SEQ ID NO: 155), Ab052 (SEQ ID NO: 228), Ab087 (SEQ ID NO: 169), Ab019 (SEQ ID NO: 160), Ab088 (SEQ ID NO: 153), Ab089 (SEQ ID NO: 154), Ab050 (SEQ ID NO: 226), Ab055 (SEQ ID NO: 231), Ab057 (SEQ ID NO: 233), Ab063 (SEQ ID NO: 244), Ab065 (SEQ ID NO: 246), Ab072 (SEQ ID NO: 260), Ab074 (SEQ ID NO: 262), and the light chain variable region of any of Ab081 (SEQ ID NO: 139), Ab061 (SEQ ID NO: 103), Ab070 (SEQ ID NO: 119), Ab020 (SEQ ID NO: 8), Ab052 (SEQ ID NO: 89), Ab087 (SEQ ID NO: 18), Ab019 (SEQ ID NO: 1), Ab088 (SEQ ID NO: 2), Ab089 (SEQ ID NO: 4), Ab050 (SEQ ID NO: 87), Ab055 (SEQ ID NO: 92), Ab057 (SEQ ID NO: 94), Ab063 (SEQ ID NO: 105), Ab065 (SEQ ID NO: 107), Ab072 (SEQ ID NO: 121), and Ab074 (SEQ ID NO: 123), or

(b) all six CDRs of any of Ab081 (SEQ ID NO: 279, 139), Ab061 (SEQ ID NO: 241, 103), Ab070 (SEQ ID NO: 258, 119), Ab020 (SEQ ID NO: 155, 8), Ab052 (SEQ ID NO: 228, 89), Ab087 (SEQ ID NOs: 169, 18), Ab019 (SEQ ID NOs: 160, 1), Ab088 (SEQ ID NOs: 153, 2), Ab089 (SEQ ID NOs: 154, 4), Ab050 (SEQ ID NOs: 226, 87), Ab055 (SEQ ID NOs: 231, 92), Ab057 (SEQ ID NOs: 233, 94), Ab063 (SEQ ID NOs: 244, 105), Ab065 (SEQ ID NOs: 246, 107), Ab072 (SEQ ID NOs: 260, 121), and Ab074 (SEQ ID NOs: 262, 123).

6. The antibody of claim 1 that exhibits greater than or equal to 70% competition with any one, two, three or all antibodies selected from the group consisting of Ab061 (SEQ ID NO: 241, 103), Ab074 (SEQ ID NOs: 262, 123), Ab081 (SEQ ID NO: 279, 139), Ab020 (SEQ ID NOs: 155, 8), Ab019 (SEQ ID NOs: 160, 1), Ab087 (SEQ ID NOs: 169, 18), Ab088 (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 153), and Ab089 (SEQ ID NOs: 154, 4), optionally wherein the antibody binds human receptor or complex and not murine receptor or complex.

7. The antibody of claim 1 , further comprising a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 heavy chain constant region.

8. The antibody of claim 7 , further comprising a human light chain constant region.

9. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein said antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

10. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein said antibody is a human antibody.

11. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the antibody is conjugated to a hydrophobic moiety.

12. A method of preparing a sterile pharmaceutical composition, comprising adding a sterile pharmaceutically acceptable diluent to an antibody of claim 1 .

13. A sterile composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a sterile pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.

14. The antibody of claim 1 wherein the variable heavy chain is set out in SEQ ID NOs: 279, 258 or 241 and the variable light chain is set out in SEQ ID NOs: 139, 119 or 103.

15. The antibody of claim 1 comprising three heavy chain CDRs set out in SEQ ID NOs: 279, 258 or 241 and three light chain CDRs set out in SEQ ID NOs: 139, 119 or 103.

16. The antibody of claim 1 wherein the variable heavy chain is set out in SEQ ID NO: 279 and the variable light chain is set out in SEQ ID NO: 139.

17. The antibody of claim 1 comprising three heavy chain CDRs set out in SEQ ID NO: 279 and three light chain CDRs set out in SEQ ID NO: 139.