Rate-Estimation Sensor And Method For Cell Phones, Smart Watches, Occupancy Sensors, And Wearables
An improved sensor ( 102 ) for rate monitoring in mobile devices, wearables, security, illumination, photography, and other devices and systems uses an optional phosphor-coated broadband white LED ( 103 ) to produce broadband light ( 114 ), which is then transmitted along with any ambient light to target ( 125 ) such as the ear, face, or wrist of a living subject. Some of the scattered light returning from the target to detector ( 141 ) is passed through spectral filter set ( 155 ) to produce multiple detector regions, each sensitive to a different waveband wavelength range, and the detected light is analyzed to determine an interval between repetitive events such as heartbeat or respirations, in part based on a noninvasive measure of components of the bloodstream. In one example, variations in oxyhemoglobin of the arterial bloodstream of the subject over time such as hemoglobin and water are determined based on the detected light, and the interval between cycles is then determined based on the in components of the bloodstream over time, with venous compartment changes as a result of body movement and body position changes, and skin surface compartment changes as a result of sensor movement, substantially removed. In the absence of the LED light, ambient light may be sufficient illumination for analysis. The same sensor can provide identifying features of type or status of a tissue target, such as heart rate or heart rate variability, respiratory rate or respiratory rate variability, respiratory depth, or even confirmation that the tissue is alive. Rate monitoring systems incorporating the sensor, as well as methods, are also disclosed.
1 . A method for estimating a rate of a repetitive event in a living subject, comprising the steps of:
(a) noninvasively detecting a first occurrence of repetitive event in a living subject using light, said first occurrence detected using light being at least in part backscattered from or transmitted through the subject;
(b) noninvasively detecting a second occurrence of a repetitive event in a living subject using light, said second occurrence detected using light being at least in part backscattered from or transmitted through the subject; and,
(c) generating an output that is a function of an estimated rate of said repetitive event, said output based at least in part on an interval of time elapsed between the occurrence of said first and said second occurrences of the repetitive event.
2 . A method for estimating a rate of a repetitive event in a living subject, comprising the steps of:
(a) noninvasively detecting a first occurrence of a repetitive event in a living subject using light, said first repetitive event detected using light after interaction with the subject;
(b) detecting one or more subsequent occurrence of the repetitive event in a living subject using light, said subsequent occurrences detected using light after interaction with the subject; and,
(c) generating an output that is a function of an estimated rate of occurrence of the repetitive event, said output based at least in part on one or more measured intervals of time elapsed between the occurrence of said first and at least one of said one or more subsequent repetitive events.
3 . A method for estimating a rate of a repetitive event in a living subject, comprising the steps of:
(a) noninvasively detecting broadband light being at least in part backscattered from or transmitted through the subject;
(b) determining at least a measure of variation in hemoglobin or water content in the bloodstream of the subject over time, said measure being determined at least in part using the detected broadband light over time, and said measure representing a function of time of occurrence of a repetitive event; and,
(c) generating an output that is a function of at least one time interval between occurrences of the repetitive event in the subject, said output based at least in part on the measure of variation in hemoglobin or water content.
4 . A method for estimating a rate of a repetitive physiologic event in a living subject, comprising the steps of:
(a) noninvasively detecting broadband light after interaction with the subject and after spectral filtering or separation of said broadband light into different wavebands of light for detection;
(b) determining a measure of oxygenated hemoglobin component in the arterial bloodstream compartment of the subject over time, said measure based at least in part on a spectral analysis of the detected light after said filtering or separation of said broadband light into different wavebands, and said measure representing a function of occurrences of a repetitive event; and,
(c) generating an output that is a function of one or more intervals between said occurrences of the repetitive events in the subject, said output based at least in part on the measure of variation of oxygenated hemoglobin localized to an arterial compartment.
5 . A method for respiratory monitoring a living subject, comprising the steps of:
(a) collecting spectral data from broadband light after interaction with the subject and after spectral filtering or separation of the broadband light into different narrowband wavelength ranges;
(b) analyzing the collected spectral data to computationally partition the data into more than one physiological compartment of different temporal or physiological characteristics, and into more than one blood or tissue component;
(c) determining a measure of hemoglobin or water content of the subject localized to one physiological compartment, said measure of measure of hemoglobin or water content determined at least in part based on the computational partition; and,
(d) generating an output that is a function of one or more intervals between said occurrences of the repetitive events in the subject, said output based at least in part on the measure of hemoglobin or water content.
6 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the spectral filtering or separation for detection step comprises spectral filtering or separation into selective wavebands of light for detection at more than one detector or detector regions.
7 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the detected light is broadband ambient light.
8 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the detected light is from a broadband LED.
9 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the wherein the output is a rate selected from the list of rates including heart rate and respiratory rate.
10 . The method of claim 5 , said more than one physiological compartment comprises at least the arterial bloodstream, the venous bloodstream, and the surface skin reflectance.
11 . The method of claim 5 , said measure of hemoglobin or water content of the subject localized to one physiological compartment is a hemoglobin component of an arterial bloodstream compartment, with venous compartment changes as a result of body movement and body position changes substantially removed.
12 . The method of claim 5 , said measure of hemoglobin or water content of the subject localized to one physiological compartment is a hemoglobin component of an arterial bloodstream compartment, with skin surface compartment changes as a result of body movement, body position changes, and sensor movement substantially removed.
13 . A device for estimation of a rate of a repetitive event in a living subject, comprising:
(a) at least one sensor configured to noninvasively detect light after the light is backscattered from or is transmitted through the subject; and,
(b) a processor, and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the processor, the one or more programs including instructions for determining at least a measure of variations in hemoglobin or water content in the bloodstream compartment of the subject over time using the detected light, and for generating an output that is a function of one or more intervals between one or more repetitive events, said output based at least in part on the measure of variations in hemoglobin or water content.
14 . A device for estimation of a rate of a repetitive event in a living subject, comprising:
(a) at least one sensor configured to noninvasively detect broadband light after the light is backscattered from or is transmitted through the subject, said sensor further comprising at least one narrowband spectral filter configured to produce at least one sensor region, each sensor region sensitive to a predetermined waveband of backscattered or transmitted light; and,
(b) a processor, and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the processor, the one or more programs including instructions for determining at least a measure of variations in hemoglobin or water content in the bloodstream of the subject over time using the detected light, and for generating an output that is a function of one or more intervals between one or more repetitive events, said output based at least in part on the measure of variations in hemoglobin or water content.
15 . A device for estimation of hydration status of a living subject, comprising:
(a) a solid-state broadband white LED illuminator configured to illuminate a target site on the subject with broadband light;
(b) one or more sensors configured to noninvasively detect broadband light from said illuminator after the light is backscattered from or transmitted through the subject, each of said sensors further comprising at least one narrowband spectral filter configured to produce at least three sensor regions, each of said sensor regions sensitive to a predetermined waveband of backscattered or transmitted light; and,
(c) a processor, and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the processor, the one or more programs including instructions for determining at least a measure of variations in hemoglobin or water content in the bloodstream of the subject over time using the detected light, and for generating an output that is a function of one or more intervals between one or more repetitive events, said output based at least in part on the measure of variations in hemoglobin or water content.
16 . The device of claim 14 , wherein the device is configured as part of a system selected from the list of systems including a mobile personal health monitor, a mobile phone, a wearable device, wearable clothing, wearable glasses, a wearable bracelet, wearable earphones, wearable contact lenses, a security system, and a room occupancy sensor.
17 . The device of claim 13 , wherein the sensor, processor, and memory are located on a single integrated board or chip.
18 . The device of claim 14 , wherein the sensors, processor, spectral filters, and memory are located on a single integrated board or chip.
19 . The device of claim 14 , wherein said at least one narrowband spectral filter comprises at least one narrowband interference deposited directly on at least one detector.
20 . The device of claim 14 , wherein the sensor is configured to operate and to detect broadband light in a non-contact manner with the subject.
21 . The device of claim 14 , wherein the sensor is configured to operate and to detect broadband light at a distance from the subject.
22 . The device of claim 14 , wherein the sensor is configured to operate and to detect broadband light with intermittent physical contact with the subject.