Solid supported trithiol compounds for removing heavy metals from solution, and filtration systems utilizing the compounds
Solid-supported trithiol compounds are prepared. The solid-supported trithiol compounds have formula (I): in which R is a linker moiety, X is a solid support, and n≧1. The compounds of formula (I) may be incorporated into methods for removing heavy metals from solutions and into batch systems or filtration apparatus that remove heavy metals from solutions.
1. A solid-supported trithiol compound having formula (I):
where X is a solid support, R is a linker moiety, and n≧1.
2. The solid-supported trithiol compound of claim 1 , wherein R is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which one or more carbon atoms is optionally replaced by a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom.
3. The solid-supported trithiol compound of claim 1 , wherein R is chosen from:
where x is from 1 to 10.
4. The solid-supported trithiol compound of claim 1 , wherein the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, functionalized silica, alumina, alumina beads, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, polystyrene copolymers, polyacrylamides, polymethacrylates, polysaccharides, phenolic resins, polymer beads, and carbon.
5. The solid-supported trithiol compound of claim 1 , wherein the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, functionalized silica, alumina, or polysytrene.
6. The solid-supported trithiol compound of claim 1 , wherein the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, or functionalized silica.
7. The solid-supported trithiol compound of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, or functionalized silica; and
the linker moiety R is chosen from:
where x is from 1 to 10.
8. The solid-supported trithiol compound of claim 1 , chosen from:
9. The solid-supported trithiol compound of claim 8 , wherein the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, or functionalized silica.
10. The solid-supported trithiol compound of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid-supported trithiol compound comprises
and
the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, or functionalized silica.
11. A method for removing heavy metals from a solution containing the heavy metals, the method comprising:
contacting the solution with a solid-supported trithiol compound having formula (I):
in which X is a solid support, R is a linker moiety, and n≧1; and
forming complexes of the heavy metals with the compound of formula (I) to remove the heavy metals from the solution.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the heavy metals are chosen from mercury, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, functionalized silica, alumina, alumina beads, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, polystyrene copolymers, polyacrylamides, polymethacrylates, polysaccharides, phenolic resins, polymer beads, and carbon.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein:
the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, or functionalized silica; and
the linker moiety R is chosen from:
where x is from 1 to 10.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the solid-supported trithiol compound is
and
the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, or functionalized silica.
16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising:
adding a chelator to the solution before contacting the solution with the solid-supported trithiol compound,
whereby the chelator forms complexes of the chelator with the heavy metals, and when the solution contacts the solid-supported trithiol compound, the heavy metals in the complexes preferentially bind to the solid-supported trithiol compound.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the chelator is chosen from ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid, N-(hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediaminetriacetic acid, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid), dimercaptosuccinic acid, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid, or combinations thereof.
18. A heavy-metal removal system that removes heavy metals from a solution containing the heavy metals, the removal system comprising:
a containment vessel having a vessel inlet and a vessel outlet in fluidic communication with the vessel inlet;
at least one solid-supported trithiol compound having formula (I):
in which X is a solid support, R is a linker moiety, and n≧1,
wherein the filtration system is configured such that the solution enters the containment vessel through the vessel inlet and contacts the at least one solid-supported trithiol compound exiting the containment vessel through the vessel outlet.
19. The heavy-metal removal system of claim 18 , wherein:
the solid-supported trithiol compound comprises
and
the solid support X is chosen from silica, silica beads, or functionalized silica.
20. The heavy-metal removal system of claim 18 , wherein the heavy-metal removal system is configured as a batch system in which the solution contacts an aqueous slurry of the least one solid-supported trithiol compound in the containment vessel, or wherein the heavy-metal removal system is configured as a filtration apparatus in which the at least one solid-supported trithiol compound is present in a filter medium in the containment vessel.