HIGH CAPACITY REDOX ELECTRODES
The present disclosure relates to the manufacture and use of redox electrodes. In certain embodiments, the redox electrodes are manufactured using a hybrid material approach, such as using a redox polymer in combination with a support substrate, such as cellulose fibers or paper. In certain implementations, the redox electrodes are suitable for use at voltages greater than 25 V.
1 . An oxidation-reduction (redox) electrode, comprising:
a support substrate comprising one or more of particles or fibers; and
a redox polymer combined with the support substrate particles or fibers and having a thickness greater than 1 micron with respect to the surface of the support substrate.
2 . The redox electrode of claim 1 , wherein the redox polymer comprises a conjugated redox polymer.
3 . The redox electrode of claim 2 , wherein the conjugated redox polymer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT).
4 . The redox electrode of claim 2 , wherein the conjugated redox polymer comprises one or more of a conjugated polythiophene polymer, a conjugated polyaniline polymer, or a conjugated polypyrrole polymer.
5 . The redox electrode of claim 1 , wherein the support substrate comprises textile fibers, a plastic substrate, or a polymer substrate.
6 . The redox electrode of claim 1 , wherein the support substrate comprises cellulose fibers.
7 . The redox electrode of claim 1 , wherein the redox polymer comprises a supporting counterion or anionic copolymer.
8 . The redox electrode of claim 7 , wherein the supporting counterion or anionic copolymer comprises polystyrene sulfonate (PSS).
9 . The redox electrode of claim 1 , wherein the redox polymer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT): polystyrene sulfonate (PSS).
10 . The redox electrode of claim 1 , further comprising an ionic cross-linking agent.
11 . The redox electrode of claim 10 , wherein the ionic cross-linking agent comprises MgSO 4 .
12 . The redox electrode of claim 1 , further comprising an ionomer coating.
13 . The redox electrode of claim 1 , further comprising:
a metallic wire, foil, or mesh about which the support substrate and redox polymer are disposed.
14 . A method for manufacturing a redox electrode, comprising:
blending an aqueous dispersion of a redox polymer with cellulose fibers to form a slurry;
solution casting the slurry into one or more molds each having a form factor corresponding to the redox electrode to form a respective redox electrode in each mold; and
recovering the respective redox electrode from each mold.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the aqueous dispersion comprises a PEDOT:PSS aqueous dispersion.
16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the slurry is 5-25 wt % PEDOT:PSS.
17 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the slurry is 14-18 wt % PEDOT:PSS.
18 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising:
cross-linking the recovered redox electrodes using an MgSO 4 aqueous solution.
19 . A method for manufacturing a redox electrode, comprising:
dip coating a cellulose paper substrate in an aqueous dispersion of a redox polymer one or more times; and
forming the redox electrode using the dip coated cellulose paper.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the aqueous dispersion comprises a PEDOT:PSS aqueous dispersion.
21 . A method for manufacturing a redox electrode, comprising:
solution casting an aqueous dispersion of a redox polymer onto a cellulose paper substrate; and
forming the redox electrode using the solution cast onto the cellulose paper.
22 . The method of claim 21 , further comprising:
mounting the cellulose paper substrate in an aluminum frame at between about 100° C. to about 150° C. prior to solution casting.