Borided metals and downhole tools, components thereof, and methods of boronizing metals, downhole tools and components
A method of boriding a metal comprises forming a molten electrolyte comprising between about five weight percent and about fifty weight percent boron oxide, and contacting at least a portion of a metal with the molten electrolyte. Electrical current is applied to at least a portion of the metal while maintaining a temperature of the molten electrolyte below about 700° C. to diffuse boron atoms from the molten electrolyte into a surface of the at least a portion of the metal. A downhole tool including at least one borided component is also disclosed.
1. A method of boriding a metal, the method comprising:
forming a molten electrolyte comprising between about five weight percent and about fifty weight percent boron oxide and between about fifty weight percent and about ninety-five weight percent of at least one additional material, the at least one additional material selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, CsOH, Mg(OH) 2 , and Ba(OH) 2 ;
contacting at least a portion of a metal selected from the group consisting of at least one of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, W, Re, Ti, Mo, Nb, V, Hf, Ta, Cr, Zr, Al, carbides thereof, nitrides thereof, oxides thereof, and alloys thereof with the molten electrolyte; and
applying electrical current to the at least a portion of the metal while maintaining a temperature of the molten electrolyte below about 650° C. to diffuse boron atoms from the molten electrolyte into a surface of the at least a portion of the metal.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising formulating the molten electrolyte to comprise between about ten weight percent and about thirty weight percent boron oxide.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising formulating the molten electrolyte to consist essentially of B 2 O 3 and the at least one additional material.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising maintaining a temperature of the molten electrolyte below about 550° C. while applying the electrical current to the at least a portion of the metal.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising maintaining a temperature of the molten electrolyte below about 450° C. while applying the electrical current to the at least a portion of the metal.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising formulating the molten electrolyte to comprise between about five weight percent and about ten weight percent B 2 O 3 .
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising formulating the molten electrolyte to comprise between about ten weight percent and about twenty weight percent B 2 O 3 .
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting at least a portion of a metal with the molten electrolyte comprises contacting a carburized metal alloy with the molten electrolyte.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the metal to comprise a downhole tool component comprising a component of at least one of an earth-boring rotary drill bit, a tooth of a drill bit, a cutting structure of a drill bit, a core bit, a completion tool, an expandable reamer, a fixed blade reamer, an expandable stabilizer, a fixed stabilizer, a slip-on stabilizer, a clamped-on stabilizer, an integral stabilizer, an optimized rotational density tool, a slimhole neutron density tool, a calibrated neutron density tool, a drill motor, a bearing, an upper bearing housing, a lower bearing housing, a rotor, a stator, a pump, and a valve.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting at least a portion of a metal with the molten electrolyte comprises contacting at least a portion of a downhole tool component with the molten electrolyte.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising surrounding the at least a portion of the metal with a plurality of anodes.
12. A method of surface treating a downhole tool component, the method comprising:
at least partially inserting at least one component comprising metal at least partially into a molten electrolyte comprising between about five weight percent and about thirty weight percent B 2 O 3 and between about seventy weight percent and about ninety-five weight percent of at least one of LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH, Mg(OH) 2 , Ca(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2 , LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , Li 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , MgCO 3 , CaCO 3 , and BaCO 3 ;
diffusing boron from the molten electrolyte into a surface of the at least one component to form a metal boride on the surface of the at least one component while applying electrical current to the at least one component and maintaining a temperature of the molten electrolyte between about 400° C. and about 700° C.; and
carburizing at least a portion of the at least one component after forming the metal boride on the surface of the at least one component.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising selecting the downhole tool component to comprise a component of at least one of an earth-boring rotary drill bit, a tooth of a drill bit, a cutting structure of a drill bit, a core bit, a completion tool, an expandable reamer, a fixed blade reamer, an expandable stabilizer, a fixed stabilizer, a slip-on stabilizer, a clamped-on stabilizer, an integral stabilizer, an optimized rotational density tool, a slimhole neutron density tool, a calibrated neutron density tool, a drill motor, a bearing, an upper bearing housing, a lower bearing housing, a rotor, a stator, a pump, and a valve.
14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising maintaining a temperature of the molten electrolyte below about 550° C. while applying the electrical current to the at least one component.
15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising formulating the molten electrolyte to comprise between about twenty weight percent and about thirty weight percent B 2 O 3 .
16. A downhole tool, comprising:
at least one borided component comprising a metal and having a surface treated by the method comprising:
forming a molten electrolyte comprising between about five weight percent and about thirty weight percent boron oxide and between about seventy weight percent and about ninety-five weight percent of at least one additional material selected from the group consisting of LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH, Mg(OH) 2 , Ca(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2 , LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , Li 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , MgCO 3 , CaCO 3 , and BaCO 3 ;
contacting at least a portion of a downhole tool component with the molten electrolyte;
applying electrical current to the at least a portion of the downhole tool component while maintaining a temperature of the molten electrolyte below about 700° C. to diffuse boron atoms from the molten electrolyte into a surface of the at least a portion of the downhole tool component; and
carburizing at least a portion of the at least one component after forming the metal boride on the surface of the at least one component.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein diffusing boron from the molten electrolyte into a surface of the at least one component to form a metal boride on the surface of the at least one component comprises forming a gradient of boride from the surface of the at least one component to portions of the at least one component away from the surface.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein diffusing boron from the molten electrolyte into a surface of the at least one component to form a metal boride on the surface of the at least one component comprises forming the metal boride to a thickness of between 1 μm and 500 μm on the surface of the at least one component.
19. The method of claim 12 , further comprising maintaining a temperature of the molten electrolyte below about 450° C. while applying the electrical current to the at least one component.