Plasma synthesis of metal and lithium fluoride nanostructures
Provided are methods and apparatus for forming electrode active materials for electrochemical cells. These materials include a metal (e.g., iron, cobalt), lithium, and fluorine and are produced using plasma synthesis or, more specifically, non-equilibrium plasma synthesis. A metal containing material, organometallic lithium containing material, and fluorine-containing material are provided into a flow reactor, mixed, and exposed to the electrical energy generating plasma. The plasma generation enhances reaction between the provided materials and forms nanoparticles of the electrode active materials. The nanoparticles may have a mean size of 1-30 nanometers and may have a core-shell structure. The core may be formed by metal, while the shell may include lithium fluoride. A carbon shell may be disposed over the lithium fluoride shell. The nanoparticles are collected and may be used to form an electrochemical cell. Besides fluoride components, these methods may be used to form oxides, chlorides, nitrides, and sulfides.
1. A method for forming an electrode active material for an electrochemical cell, the method comprising:
providing a non-lithium metal containing material, an organo-metallic lithium containing material, and a fluorine-containing material;
mixing the non-lithium metal containing material, the organo-metallic lithium containing material, and the fluorine-containing material thereby forming a mixture,
wherein mixing the non-lithium metal containing material, the organo-metallic lithium containing material, and the fluorine-containing material is performed using a flow reactor; and
applying energy to the mixture using an energy source,
wherein applying the energy to the mixture forms plasma,
wherein the plasma is formed from the mixture,
wherein the plasma forms nanoparticles of the electrode active material,
wherein the nanoparticles comprise a non-lithium metal, lithium, fluorine, and carbon, and
wherein the nanoparticles have a mean particle size ranging 1 nanometer to 30 nanometers.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising evaporating one or precursors thereby forming one or more of the non-lithium metal containing material, the organo-metallic lithium containing material, and the fluorine-containing material.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-lithium metal containing material or a precursor for the non-lithium metal containing material comprises at least one of ferrocene (Fe(C 5 H 5 ) 2 ), cobaltocene (Co(C 5 H 5 ) 2 ), iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO) 5 ), dicobaltoctacarbonyl (Co 2 (CO) 8 ), and iron chloride (FeCl 3 ).
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organo-metallic lithium containing material or a precursor for the organo-metallic lithium containing material comprises at least one of alkyl lithium and lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the alkyl lithium is at least one of butyl lithium, methyl lithium, and hexyl lithium.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising evaporating a precursor of the organo-metallic lithium containing material thereby forming the organo-metallic lithium containing material,
wherein the precursor of the organo-metallic lithium containing material comprises a solvent having a boiling temperature of less 100° C. and being free from oxygen.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the solvent is hexane.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluorine-containing material or a precursor of the fluorine-containing material comprises at least one of ammonium bi-fluoride (NH 4 HF 2 ) and ammonium fluoride (NH 4 F).
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising evaporating a precursor of the fluorine-containing material, wherein the precursor of the fluorine-containing material is solid.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein an atomic ratio of a non-lithium metal of the non-lithium metal containing material to lithium of the organo-metallic lithium containing material is about 1:3.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein an atomic ratio of the non-lithium metal of the non-lithium metal containing material to fluorine of the fluorine-containing material is about 1:1.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein a pressure of the flow reactor pressure is maintained at between about 5 Torr and 500 Torr.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy source comprises a pair of electrodes exposed to the mixture when applying the energy to the mixture.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the energy is applied in pulses.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles have a mean particle size ranging 1 nanometer to 20 nanometers.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles have a mean particle size ranging 1 nanometer to 10 nanometers.
17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to forming the mixture, forming the non-lithium metal containing material from a precursor of the non-lithium metal containing material,
wherein the non-lithium metal containing material comprises nanoparticles,
wherein forming the non-lithium metal containing material comprises applying energy to the precursor of the non-lithium metal containing material, and
wherein applying the energy to the precursor of the non-lithium metal containing material forms plasma from the precursor of the non-lithium metal containing material.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein each of the nanoparticles of the electrode active material comprises a non-lithium metal core and a lithium fluoride shell.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein further comprising:
fabricating a positive electrode using the nanoparticles of the electrode active material; and
fabricating the electrochemical cell using the positive electrode.