Electrically-conductive proppant and methods for making and using same

1. A proppant pack comprising:

a plurality of particles, each said particle, comprising a coating of an electrically-conductive metal having a thickness of at least about 270 nm formed on the outer surface of each said particle, wherein each particle has a specific gravity of less than 4 and a size of about 100 mesh to about 10 mesh, wherein the pack has an electrical conductivity, and wherein increasing a load on the pack by a factor of 5 increases the electrical conductivity of the pack by at least 50%.

2. The proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the electrically-conductive metal has a thickness of about 500 nm to about 1,200 nm.

3. The proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the pack has an electrical conductivity of at least about 5 S/m.

4. The proppant pack of claim 3 , wherein each said particle has a roughness of less than 5 μm.

5. The proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the electrically-conductive metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, tin, zinc, copper, silver, nickel, gold, platinum, palladium and rhodium.

6. The proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the proppant pack has a resistivity of less than 0.5 ohm-cm.

7. The proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the outer surface of each said particle comprises palladium, silver, or any combination thereof.

8. The proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the proppant pack has a long term fluid conductivity at 7,500 psi of at least about 100 mD-ft.

9. The proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles is selected from the group consisting of sand, resin coated sand, and sintered, substantially round and spherical particles.

10. The proppant pack of claim 6 , wherein increasing the load on the pack by a factor of 2 decreases the resistivity of the pack by about 5% to about 25%.

11. The proppant pack of claim 10 , wherein the electrically-conductive metal is deposited onto the outer surface of each said particle using autocatalytic deposition.

12. A method of manufacturing electrically-conductive proppant particles, comprising:

contacting a plurality of particles having a size of about 100 mesh to about 10 mesh with an alkaline solution having a pH greater than 8 to provide conditioned particles; and

contacting the conditioned particles with a plating solution comprising one or more electrically-conductive metal to provide electrically-conductive proppant particles comprising a coating of the electrically-conductive metal having a thickness of at least about 270 nm formed on the outer surface of each said particle, wherein a pack of the electrically-conductive proppant particles has an electrical conductivity, and wherein increasing a load on the pack by a factor of 5 increases the electrical conductivity of the pack by at least 50%.

13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:

contacting the conditioned particles with an activation solution comprising a catalytically active material to provide activated particles, wherein the catalytically active material comprises tin, palladium, or silver or any combination thereof; and

contacting the activated particles with the plating solution to provide the electrically-conductive proppant particles.

14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:

contacting the conditioned particles with a reducing agent solution to provide activated particles, wherein the reducing agent solution comprises sodium borohydride, sodium hypophosphite, or sodium cyanoborohydride or any combination thereof; and

contacting the activated particles with the plating solution to provide the electrically-conductive proppant particles.

15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of particles is selected from the group consisting of sand, resin coated sand, and sintered, substantially round and spherical particles.

16. A method of manufacturing electrically-conductive proppant particles, comprising:

activating a plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles to provide activated particles, wherein each of the plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles has a specific gravity of less than 4 and a size of about 100 mesh to about 10 mesh; and

contacting the activated particles with a plating solution comprising one or more electrically-conductive metal to provide electrically-conductive proppant particles comprising a coating of the electrically-conductive metal having a thickness of at least about 270 nm formed on the outer surface of each said particle, wherein a pack of the electrically-conductive proppant particles has an electrical conductivity, and wherein increasing a load on the pack by a factor of 5 increases the electrical conductivity of the pack by at least 50%.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein activating the conditioned particles comprises one of:

contacting the plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles with an activation solution comprising a catalytically active material to provide the activated particles, wherein the catalytically active material comprises tin, palladium, or silver or any combination thereof; or

contacting the plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles with a reducing agent solution to provide the activated particles, wherein the reducing agent solution comprises sodium borohydride, sodium hypophosphite, or sodium cyanoborohydride or any combination thereof.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the electrically-conductive metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, tin, zinc, copper, silver, nickel, gold, platinum, palladium and rhodium.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the plating solution is an alkaline solution comprising nickel.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the electrically-conductive proppant particles comprise palladium, phosphorous and nickel deposited on the outer surfaces of the plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles.