Multi-layer sputtered metal seed for solar cell conductive contact
Multi-layer sputtered metal seed for solar cell conductive contacts and methods of forming solar cell conductive contacts are described. In an example, a solar cell includes a substrate. A semiconductor region is disposed in or above the substrate. A conductive contact is disposed on the semiconductor region and includes a seed material stack in contact with the semiconductor region. The seed material stack includes a first aluminum layer having a first crystallinity and disposed on the semiconductor layer, and a second aluminum layer having a second crystallinity and disposed on and having an interface with the first aluminum layer. The first crystallinity is different from the second crystallinity.
1. A solar cell, comprising:
a substrate;
a semiconductor region disposed in or above the substrate; and
a conductive contact disposed on the semiconductor region and comprising a seed material stack in contact with the semiconductor region, wherein the seed material stack comprises a first aluminum layer having a first crystallinity and disposed on the semiconductor region, and a second aluminum layer having a second crystallinity and disposed on and having an interface with the first aluminum layer, wherein the first crystallinity is different from the second crystallinity, wherein the seed material stack further comprises a nickel layer disposed on the second aluminum layer, wherein the nickel layer has a total atomic concentration of greater than approximately 90% nickel, the second aluminum layer has a total atomic concentration of greater than approximately 75% aluminum and greater than approximately 15% nickel, and wherein the first aluminum layer has a total atomic concentration of greater than approximately 95% aluminum.
2. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the first crystallinity and the second crystallinity differ in grain size.
3. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the second aluminum layer comprises nickel, and the first aluminum layer is essentially nickel-free.
4. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the nickel layer has a total atomic concentration of approximately 93% nickel and 7% vanadium, the second aluminum layer has a total atomic concentration of approximately 80% aluminum and approximately 20% nickel, and wherein the first aluminum layer has a total atomic concentration of approximately 99% aluminum and approximately 1% silicon.
5. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the conductive contact further comprises a copper layer disposed on the seed material stack.
6. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor region is a polycrystalline silicon layer of an emitter region disposed above the substrate.
7. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor region is a diffusion region disposed in the substrate, and wherein the substrate is a monocrystalline silicon substrate.
8. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the solar cell is a back-contact solar cell.