Composition for solar cell electrodes and electrode fabricated using the same
A composition for solar cell electrodes and a solar cell electrode fabricated using the composition, the composition including a conductive powder; a glass frit; an organic vehicle; and a surface tension modifier, wherein the surface tension modifier has a surface tension of about 40 mN/m to about 65 mN/m, and the composition has a thixotropic index (TI) of about 3 to about 10 as represented by Equation 1: TI=(viscosity at 10 rpm/viscosity at 100 rpm), [Equation 1] in Equation 1, the thixotropic index is calculated using viscosity values of the composition measured at 10 rpm and 100 rpm and at 23° C. with a No. 14 Spindle using a rotary viscometer.
1. A composition for solar cell electrodes, the composition comprising:
about 50 wt % to about 90 wt % of a conductive powder;
about 1 wt % to about 15 wt % of a glass frit;
about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % of an organic vehicle; and
about 0.33 wt % to about 30 wt % of a surface tension modifier, wherein a weight ratio of the organic vehicle to the surface tension modifier is about 1.3:1 to about 15:1, and
wherein:
the surface tension modifier has a surface tension of about 40 mN/m to about 65 mN/m, and
the composition has a thixotropic index (TI) of about 3 to about 10 as represented by Equation 1:
TI=(viscosity at 10 rpm/viscosity at 100 rpm), [Equation 1]
in Equation 1, the thixotropic index is calculated using viscosity values of the composition measured at 10 rpm and 100 rpm and at 23° C. with a No. 14 Spindle using a rotary viscometer,
wherein the organic vehicle includes a binder resin and a solvent, the binder resin including an acrylate resin or a cellulose resin,
wherein the acrylate resin or cellulose resin is included in the organic vehicle in an amount by weight of 2.5 to about 6 times an amount by weight of the solvent, and
wherein the surface tension modifier includes propylene carbonate, formamide, or furfural.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the conductive powder includes one or more of silver powder, gold powder, palladium powder, platinum powder, copper powder, chromium powder, cobalt powder, aluminum powder, tin powder, lead powder, zinc powder, iron powder, iridium powder, osmium powder, rhodium powder, tungsten powder, molybdenum powder, nickel powder, or indium tin oxide (ITO) powder.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the glass frit includes a leaded glass frit, a lead-free glass frit, or a mixture thereof.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the glass frit has an average particle diameter (D50) of about 0.1 μm to about 5 μm.
5. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising one or more of a dispersant, a thixotropic agent, a plasticizer, a viscosity stabilizer, an anti-foaming agent, a pigment, a UV stabilizer, an antioxidant, or a coupling agent.
6. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of hexane, toluene, 2-ethoxyethanol, cyclohexanone, 2-butoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, hexylene glycol, terpineol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, methylethylketone, benzylalcohol, γ-butyrolactone, or ethyl lactate.
7. A method of manufacturing a solar cell, the method comprising:
applying the composition for solar cell electrodes as claimed in claim 1 to a substrate; and
firing the substrate having the composition thereon.