Power-compensated fusion furnace
A power-compensated fusion furnace includes a power control system having one switching device per heating element, power measurement circuitry, a master temperature sensor, and a controller. Each switching device is electrically connected to a respective heating element. The controller, in conjunction with the switching devices, is able to individually control the electrical energy flowing to each heating element, thereby controlling the duty cycle of each heating element. The duty cycles are corrected for one or more of: variations in the electrical resistance of each heating element and position-dependent variations in furnace cavity temperature.
1. A power-compensated fusion furnace comprising:
a furnace cavity including a door;
a plurality of electrical heating elements electrically coupled in parallel configurations, wherein at least some of the electrical heating elements have a different electrical resistance from other of the electrical heating elements;
a power control system that independently controls an electrical duty cycle of each of the plurality of electrical heating elements to account for the different electrical resistance thereof by turning the electrical heating elements on or off to achieve a uniform temperature across the furnace cavity, wherein the electrical duty cycle of at least one electrical heating element in the plurality thereof differs from the electrical duty cycle of other electrical heating elements in the plurality; and
wherein the power control system comprises:
a thermocouple;
a plurality of electrical switches, wherein each switch is electrically coupled to a respective electrical heating element of the electrical heating elements in series configuration to control a respective flow of electrical energy thereto based on a temperature measurement by the thermocouple;
a power measurement circuitry electrically coupled to each switch of the plurality of electrical switches, wherein the power measurement circuit is configured to measure electrical power delivered to each of the electrical heating elements; and
a controller configured to generate and transmit, to each switch, a first control signal that causes said each switch to implement the electrical duty cycle of the respective electrical heating element based at least on the measured electrical power delivered to each of the electrical heating elements and a curve fit of calibration data using a polynomial or a spline.
2. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 1 , wherein the controller accesses heating-element calibration data.
3. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 2 , wherein the controller accesses correction factors for position-dependent temperature variations in the furnace cavity.
4. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 3 , wherein the controller determines a corrected, calibrated duty cycle based on: (i) a desired and uniform amount of power to be delivered to each heating element; (ii) the heating-element calibration data; and (iii) the correction factors.
5. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 1 , wherein the power measurement circuitry is configured to obtain measurements used to determine calibration data for each heating element, and wherein the controller accesses the calibration data.
6. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 5 , wherein the controller accesses correction factors for position-dependent temperature variations in the furnace cavity.
7. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 1 , wherein the electrical duty cycle for each heating element is altered by a second control signal that is generated and transmitted by the controller, wherein the second control signal causes a cessation in the respective flow of electrical energy to the plurality of heating elements.
8. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 7 , wherein the controller generates the second control signal when a measured temperature in the furnace cavity exceeds a desired temperature in the furnace cavity.
9. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 7 , further comprising a master switch, wherein the master switch controls the flow of the electrical energy to the plurality of electrical switches, and wherein, when the master switch receives the second control signal, said master switch disables the flow of electrical energy to the plurality of electrical switches.
10. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 7 , wherein the second control signal is received by each of the plurality of electrical switches.
11. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 7 wherein, responsive to the second control signal, the respective flow of electrical energy ceases for more than 1 second.
12. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 1 , wherein to implement the electrical duty cycles for the plurality of heating elements, each switch remains closed for a first portion of a counter period and remains open for a second portion of the counter period.
13. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 12 , wherein the counter period is less than 1 second.
14. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 12 , wherein the counter period is in a range of about 250 to 750 milliseconds.
15. The power-compensated fusion furnace of claim 12 , wherein the first portion of the counter period is less than the second portion of the counter period.
16. A power-compensated furnace, comprising:
a furnace cavity;
a plurality of electrical heating elements; and
a power control system that independently provides electrical energy of a plurality of electrical energies to each electrical heating element of the plurality of electrical heating elements by adjusting a duty cycle of a plurality of duty cycles each duty cycle associated with a respective electrical energy of the plurality of electrical energies, wherein a first duty cycle of a first electrical energy of the plurality of electrical energies differs from a second duty cycle of a second electrical energy of the plurality of electrical energies, the power control system includes:
a plurality of electrical switches each electrical switch coupled to each electrical heating element of the plurality of electrical heating elements in series configuration to control the respective electrical energy of the plurality of electrical energies based on a temperature measured by a thermocouple;
a power measurement circuitry electrically coupled to each electrical switch of the plurality of electrical switches, wherein the power measurement circuit is configured to measure electrical power delivered to each of the electrical heating elements; and
a controller configured to transmit a control signal of a plurality of control signals to each electrical switch of the plurality of electrical switches to control the plurality of duty cycles based at least on the measured electrical power delivered to each of the electrical heating elements and a curve fit of calibration data using a polynomial or a spline.
17. The power-compensated furnace of claim 16 , further comprising the thermocouple configured to measure the temperature.
18. The power-compensated furnace of claim 16 , wherein the controller is further configured to determine the plurality of control signals based on the plurality of duty cycles.
19. The power-compensated furnace of claim 18 , wherein the controller is further configured to determine the plurality of duty cycles based on at least one of calibration data of the plurality of electrical heating elements and correction factors for temperature variations in the furnace cavity.
20. The power compensated furnace of claim 16 , wherein the power measurement circuitry is configured to obtain measurements associated with calibration data of the plurality of electrical heating elements.
21. The power compensated furnace of claim 16 , wherein the controller is configured to transmit a first control signal to a first electrical switch to allow a first electrical energy to flow to a first electrical heating element and a second control signal to the first electrical switch to stop the first electrical energy to flow to the first electrical heating element.
22. The power compensated furnace of claim 21 , wherein the power control system is further configured to, for each electrical heating element of the plurality of electrical heating elements:
obtain a plurality calibration power measurements associated a plurality of calibration duty cycles;
calculate power absorbed by each electrical heating element for each calibration duty cycle of the plurality of calibration duty cycles based on the plurality of calibration power measurements; and
generating calibration data based on the calculated power and the plurality of calibration duty cycles.
23. The power compensated furnace of claim 16 , wherein the controller comprises memory for storing calibration data or correction factors.