Sorbent-based low pressure gaseous fuel delivery system

1. A fuel extraction and pressurization system for delivering a gaseous fuel from a fuel storage system to a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine, wherein the fuel storage system comprises a tank having an interior in which a sorbent is present and to which the gaseous fuel, when in the tank, is adsorbed and wherein the gaseous fuel, when in the tank, is at a tank pressure in a tank pressure range of about 1000 psi (7 MPa) to about 10 psi (0.07 MPa), the fuel extraction and pressurization system configured to have an input that is in fluid connection with the interior of the tank of the fuel storage system and an output in fluid connection with the fuel injection system and operates only when the tank pressure is at or below a specified pressure within the tank pressure range that is necessary to provide the gaseous fuel at a pressure and flow rate to the fuel injection system for the operation of the internal combustion engine at or about the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the gaseous fuel at any selected throttle position for the internal combustion engine without increasing the pressure of the gaseous fuel above that of the tank pressure, wherein the fuel extraction and pressurization system comprises one or more vacuum and pressurization components, wherein during operation of the fuel extraction and pressurization system the one or more vacuum and pressurization components apply a vacuum to the interior of the tank to facilitate the extraction of the adsorbed gaseous fuel from the tank and compress the extracted gaseous fuel thereby providing compressed gaseous fuel at an output pressure that is greater than the tank pressure and an output flow rate to the fuel injection system for the operation of the internal combustion engine at or about the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the gaseous fuel at any selected throttle position for the internal combustion engine, wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components are selected from the group consisting of a vacuum pump, a compressor, or a vacuum pump and a compressor.

2. The fuel extraction and pressurization system of claim 1 , wherein the specified pressure within the tank pressure range is about 200 psi (1.38 MPa).

3. The fuel extraction and pressurization system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is one or more compressors.

4. The fuel extraction and pressurization system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is a compressor.

5. The fuel extraction and pressurization system of claim 4 , wherein the compressor is selected from the group consisting of a rotary scroll compressor, in-line reciprocating compressor, rotary screw compressor, rotary lobe compressor, and rotary vane compressor.

6. The fuel extraction and pressurization system of claim 1 , wherein the gaseous fuel is selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, N-butane, I-pentane, N-pentane, N-hexane, nitrogen, and combinations thereof, and

the sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, metal-organic frameworks, and combinations thereof, and

the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is a rotary compressor.

7. The fuel extraction and pressurization system of claim 6 , wherein the gaseous fuel is methane, the sorbent is activated carbon, the output flow rate is in a range of about 10 to about 1,200 grams per minute, and the output pressure is in a range of about 20 psi (0.138 MPa) to about 200 psi (1.38 MPa).

8. A fuel system comprising:

(a) a fuel storage system that comprises a tank having an interior in which a sorbent is present and to which a gaseous fuel, when in the tank, is adsorbed, wherein the gaseous fuel, when in the tank, is at a tank pressure in a tank pressure range of about 1000 psi (7 MPa) to about 10 psi (0.07 MPa);

(b) a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine;

(c) a fueling circuit for delivering the gaseous fuel from the fuel storage system to the fuel injection system of the internal combustion engine, wherein the fueling circuit provides the gaseous fuel at a pressure and flow rate to the fuel injection system for the operation of the internal combustion engine at or about the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the gaseous fuel at any selected throttle position for the internal combustion engine at tank pressures greater than a selected tank pressure within the tank pressure range without increasing the pressure of the gaseous fuel above that of the tank pressure; and

(d) an isolated fuel extraction and pressurization system configured to have an input that is in fluid connection with the interior of the tank of the fuel storage system and an output in fluid connection with the fuel injection system and operates only when the tank pressure is at or below the specified pressure within the tank pressure range, wherein the isolated fuel extraction and pressurization system comprises one or more vacuum and pressurization components, wherein during operation of the isolated fuel extraction and pressurization system the one or more vacuum and pressurization components apply a vacuum to the interior of the tank to facilitate the extraction of the adsorbed gaseous fuel from the tank and compress the extracted gaseous fuel thereby providing compressed gaseous fuel at an output pressure that is greater than the tank pressure and an output flow rate to the fuel injection system for the operation of the internal combustion engine at or about the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the gaseous fuel at any selected throttle position for the internal combustion engine, wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components are selected from the group consisting of a vacuum pump, a compressor, or a vacuum pump and a compressor.

9. The fuel system of claim 8 , wherein the specified pressure within the tank pressure range is about 200 psi (1.38 MPa).

10. The fuel system of claim 8 , wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is one or more compressors.

11. The fuel system of claim 8 , wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is a compressor.

12. The fuel system of claim 11 , wherein the compressor is selected from the group consisting of a rotary scroll compressor, in-line reciprocating compressor, rotary screw compressor, rotary lobe compressor, and rotary vane compressor.

13. The fuel system of claim 8 , wherein the gaseous fuel is selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, N-butane, I-pentane, N-pentane, N-hexane, nitrogen, and combinations thereof, and

the sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, metal-organic frameworks, and combinations thereof, and

the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is a rotary compressor.

14. The fuel system of claim 13 , wherein the gaseous fuel is methane, the sorbent is activated carbon, the output flow rate is in a range of about 10 to about 1,200 grams per minute, and the output pressure is in a range of about 20 psi (0.138 MPa) to about 200 psi (1.38 MPa).

15. A vehicle comprising a fuel system that comprises:

(a) a fuel storage system that comprises a tank having an interior in which a sorbent is present and to which a gaseous fuel, when in the tank, is adsorbed, wherein the gaseous fuel, when in the tank, is at a tank pressure in a tank pressure range of about 1000 psi (7 MPa) to about 10 psi (0.07 MPa);

(b) a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine; and

(c) a fueling circuit for delivering the gaseous fuel from the fuel storage system to the fuel injection system of the internal combustion engine, wherein the fueling circuit provides the gaseous fuel at a pressure and flow rate to the fuel injection system for the operation of the internal combustion engine at or about the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the gaseous fuel at any selected throttle position for the internal combustion engine at tank pressures greater than a selected tank pressure within the tank pressure range without increasing the pressure of the gaseous fuel above that of the tank pressure; and

(d) an isolated fuel extraction and pressurization system configured to have an input that is in fluid connection with the interior of the tank of the fuel storage system and an output in fluid connection with the fuel injection system and operates only when the tank pressure is at or below the specified pressure within the tank pressure range, wherein the isolated fuel extraction and pressurization system comprises one or more vacuum and pressurization components, wherein during operation of the isolated fuel extraction and pressurization system the one or more vacuum and pressurization components apply a vacuum to the interior of the tank to facilitate the extraction of the adsorbed gaseous fuel from the tank and compress the extracted gaseous fuel thereby providing compressed gaseous fuel at an output pressure that is greater than the tank pressure and an output flow rate to the fuel injection system for the operation of the internal combustion engine at or about the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the gaseous fuel at any selected throttle position for the internal combustion engine, wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components are selected from the group consisting of a vacuum pump, a compressor, or a vacuum pump and a compressor.

16. The vehicle of claim 15 , wherein the specified pressure within the tank pressure range is 200 psi (1.38 MPa).

17. The vehicle of claim 15 , wherein the operation of the fuel extraction and pressurization system occurs when the internal combustion engine requires fuel at tank pressures greater than about 200 psi (1.38 MPa) one or more vacuum and pressurization components is one or more compressors.

18. The vehicle of claim 15 , wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is a compressor.

19. The vehicle of claim 18 , wherein the compressor is selected from the group consisting of a rotary scroll compressor, in-line reciprocating compressor, rotary screw compressor, rotary lobe compressor, and rotary vane compressor.

20. The vehicle of claim 15 , wherein the gaseous fuel is selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, N-butane, I-pentane, N-pentane, N-hexane, nitrogen, and combinations thereof, and

the sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, metal-organic frameworks, and combinations thereof, and

the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is a rotary compressor.

21. The vehicle of claim 20 , wherein the gaseous fuel is methane, the sorbent is activated carbon, the output flow rate is in a range of about 10 to about 1,200 grams per minute, and the output pressure is in a range of about 20 psi (0.138 MPa) to about 200 psi (1.38 MPa).

22. A process of delivering a gaseous fuel from a fuel storage system to a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine, wherein the fuel storage system comprises a tank having an interior in which a sorbent is present and to which the gaseous fuel, when in the tank, is adsorbed and wherein the gaseous fuel, when in the tank, is at a tank pressure in a tank pressure range of about 1000 psi (7 MPa) to about 10 psi (0.07 MPa), the method comprising:

(a) operating a fuel circuit for delivering the gaseous fuel from the fuel storage system to the fuel injection system of the internal combustion engine, wherein the fueling circuit provides the gaseous fuel at a pressure and flow rate to the fuel injection system for the operation of the internal combustion engine at or about the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the gaseous fuel at any selected throttle position for the internal combustion engine at tank pressures greater than a selected pressure within the tank pressure range without increasing the pressure of the gaseous fuel above that of the tank pressure; and

(b) operating an isolated fuel extraction and pressurization system configured to have an input in fluid connection with the interior of the tank of the fuel storage system and an output in fluid connection with the fuel injection system and operates only when the tank pressure is at or below the specified pressure within the tank pressure range, wherein the isolated fuel extraction and pressurization system comprises one or more vacuum and pressurization components, wherein during operation the one or more vacuum and pressurization components apply a vacuum to the interior of the tank to facilitate the extraction of the adsorbed gaseous fuel from the tank and compress the extracted gaseous fuel thereby providing compressed gaseous fuel at an output pressure that is greater than the tank pressure and an output flow rate to the fuel injection system for the operation of the internal combustion engine at or about the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the gaseous fuel at any selected throttle position for the internal combustion engine, wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components are selected from the group consisting of a vacuum pump, a compressor, or a vacuum pump and a compressor.

23. The process of claim 22 , wherein the specified pressure within the tank pressure range is about 200 psi (1.38 MPa).

24. The process of claim 22 , wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is one or more compressors.

25. The process of claim 22 , wherein the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is a compressor.

26. The process of claim 25 , wherein the compressor is selected from the group consisting of a rotary scroll compressor, in-line reciprocating compressor, rotary screw compressor, rotary lobe compressor, and rotary vane compressor.

27. The process of claim 22 , wherein the gaseous fuel is selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, N-butane, I-pentane, N-pentane, N-hexane, nitrogen, and combinations thereof, and

the sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, metal-organic frameworks, and combinations thereof, and

the one or more vacuum and pressurization components is a rotary compressor.

28. The process of claim 27 , wherein the gaseous fuel is methane, the sorbent is activated carbon, the output flow rate is in a range of about 10 to about 1,200 grams per minute, and the output pressure is in a range of about 20 psi (0.138 MPa) to about 200 psi (1.38 MPa).