Negative electrode active material comprising silicon and at least one metal element, and battery, battery pack, electronic apparatus, electric vehicle, electrical storage apparatus and electricity system using same
A negative electrode active material includes a core particle comprising silicon; and at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of: Ge, Sn, Ni, Mo, W, Ag, Pd, Cu, Bi, Fe, Co, Mn, Cr, V, Ga, B, Sb, In, Te, Cd, Rh, Ru, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Pb and P. The negative electrode active material has an elemental composition that varies continuously from a center of the core particle to a surface of the core particle. A negative electrode, a battery, an electric vehicle, an electric storage apparatus, an electronic apparatus and a power storage system each include the negative electrode active material.
1. A negative electrode active material comprising:
a core particle comprising silicon; and
a coating on at least a part of a surface of the core particle, the coating comprising at least one of a metal oxide and a metal hydroxide comprising at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of: B, Te, and P,
wherein an elemental composition of the negative electrode active material varies continuously from a center of the core particle to a surface of the core particle.
2. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon and the at least one metal element are diffused into each other.
3. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1 , wherein a content of the at least one metal element is greater than 0 atomic percent and smaller than 1 atomic percent of silicon.
4. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1 , wherein the core particle is a silicon particle or a SiOa particle, wherein 0<a<2.
5. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1 , wherein a compositional ratio of silicon gradually decreases from the center of the core particle to the surface of the core particle.
6. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1 , wherein a compositional ratio of the metal element gradually increases from the center of the core particle to the surface of the core particle.
7. The negative electrode active material according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one metal element comprises a second metal element and a third metal element, wherein the second metal element has an atomic radius of silicon, and wherein the third metal element has an atomic radius smaller than 109 percent of that of silicon.
8. The negative electrode active material according to claim 7 , wherein the second metal element and the third metal element are interdiffused with the silicon.
9. A negative electrode comprising:
a current collector; and
the negative electrode active material according to claim 1 ,
wherein the negative electrode active material is formed on at least one surface of the current collector.
10. A battery comprising:
a positive electrode;
the negative electrode according to claim 9 ;
a separator formed therebetween; and
an electrolyte.
11. An electric vehicle comprising:
an electricity driving force converter; and
the battery according to claim 10 ,
wherein the electricity driving force converter converts electricity from the battery into a driving force for the electric vehicle.
12. An electric storage apparatus comprising the battery according to claim 10 .
13. An electronic apparatus comprising the battery according to claim 10 .
14. A power storage system comprising the battery according to claim 10 .
15. A negative electrode active material comprising:
a core particle comprising silicon; and
a coating on at least a part of a surface of the core particle, the coating comprising at least one of a metal oxide and a metal hydroxide comprising at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of B, Te, and P,
wherein an elemental composition of the negative electrode active material varies continuously from a center of the core particle to a surface of the core particle, and the core particle comprises a SiOa particle, wherein 0<a<2.