Electrode protection using a composite comprising an electrolyte-inhibiting ion conductor
Composite structures including an ion-conducting material and a polymeric material (e.g., a separator) to protect electrodes are generally described. The ion-conducting material may be in the form of a layer that is bonded to a polymeric separator. The ion-conducting material may comprise a lithium oxysulfide having a lithium-ion conductivity of at least at least 10 −6 S/cm.
1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode comprising lithium as an electroactive material;
a second electrode; and
a composite positioned between the first and second electrodes, the composite comprising:
a separator comprising pores having an average pore size, wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity of at least about 10 4 Ohm-meters; and
an ion conductor layer bonded to the separator,
wherein the ion conductor layer has a lithium-ion conductivity of at least 10 −6 S/cm and less than 20 S/cm, and
wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide having an oxide content between 0.1-20 wt % and/or wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide having an atomic ratio of oxygen atoms to sulfur atoms (O:S) in the range of from 0.001:1 to 1.5:1.
2. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide having an atomic ratio of oxygen atoms to sulfur atoms (O:S) in the range of from 0.01:1 to 0.25:1.
3. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprising the lithium oxysulfide is a part of a multi-layered structure comprising more than one ion conductor layers.
4. An electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein at least two layers of the multi-layered structure are formed of different materials.
5. An electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein at least two layers of the multi-layered structure are formed of the same material.
6. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprising the lithium oxysulfide is in direct contact with each of the first electrode and the separator.
7. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator has a thickness between 5 microns and 40 microns.
8. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity between 10 10 Ohm-meters and 10 15 Ohm-meters.
9. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator is a solid, polymeric separator.
10. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator is a solid comprising a mixture of a polymeric binder and a filler comprising a ceramic or a glassy/ceramic material.
11. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator comprises one or more of poly(n-pentene-2), polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, a polyamide (e.g., polyamide (Nylon), poly(ε-caprolactam) (Nylon 6), poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (Nylon 66)), a polyimide (e.g., polynitrile, and poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) (Kapton®) (NOMEX®) (KEVLAR®)), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and combinations thereof.
12. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the lithium oxysulfide has a formula of x(yLi 2 S+zLi 2 O)+MS 2 (where M is Si, Ge, or Sn), where y+z=1, and where x may range from 0.5-3.
13. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a glass-forming additive ranging from 0 wt % to 30 wt % of the inorganic ion conductor material.
14. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator has an average pore size of less than or equal to 0.5 microns.
15. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 800 nm.
16. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the composite has a lithium ion conductivity of at least 10 −5 S/cm at 25 degrees Celsius.
17. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a thickness of the ion conductor layer to the average pore size of the separator is at least 1.1:1 and less than or equal to 20:1.
18. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein a strength of adhesion between the separator and the ion conductor layer is at least 350 N/m and less than or equal to 2000 N/m.
19. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein a strength of adhesion between the separator and the ion conductor layer passes the tape test according to the standard ASTM D3359-02.
20. An electrochemical cell, wherein the electrochemical cell is a lithium-sulfur cell comprising:
a first electrode comprising lithium;
a second electrode comprising sulfur;
a separator arranged between said first electrode and said second electrode, wherein the separator comprises pores; and
a solid ion conductor contacting and/or bonded to the separator,
wherein said solid ion conductor is substantially formed of a non-polymeric material, wherein the solid ion conductor comprises a lithium-ion conducting oxysulfide, wherein the solid ion conductor is present in the form of a layer, wherein the layer coats the separator, and wherein a thickness of the layer is at least 1.1 times an average pore size of the separator and less than or equal to 20 times the average pore size of the separator.
21. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the lithium-ion conducting oxysulfide has a lithium ion conductivity of at least 10 −7 S/cm and less than or equal to 20 S/cm.
22. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein an RMS surface roughness of the layer is between 0.5 nm and 1 micron.
23. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the layer has a thickness of between 1 nm and 7 microns.
24. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein a strength of adhesion between the layer and the separator is at least 50 N/m and less than or equal to 2000 N/m.
25. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein an air permeation time of the separator is at least 1,000 Gurley-s and less than or equal to 10 6 Gurley-s.
26. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the solid ion conductor is one or more of a ceramic, a glass, or a glassy ceramic.
27. An electrochemical cell, wherein the electrochemical cell is a lithium-sulfur cell comprising:
a first electrode comprising lithium;
a second electrode comprising sulfur;
a separator arranged between said first electrode and said second electrode; and
a solid ion conductor contacting and/or bonded to the separator,
wherein said solid ion conductor is substantially formed of a non-polymeric material, wherein the solid ion conductor comprises a lithium-ion conducting oxysulfide, wherein the solid ion conductor is present in the form of a layer, and wherein an RMS surface roughness of the layer is between 0.5 nm and 1 micron.