Method of manufacturing electromechanical transducer, electromechanical transducer, droplet discharge head, droplet discharge apparatus, and image forming apparatus
A method of manufacturing an electromechanical transducer includes forming a first electrode on a substrate or a base film, forming a piezoelectric film made of lead zirconate titanate on the first electrode, forming a second electrode on the piezoelectric film, and polarizing the piezoelectric film. The polarizing includes applying to the second electrode a positive polarity voltage having a positive polarity relative to a potential of the first electrode, and satisfying a first expression of −Ec P −(−Ec)<0 and a second expression of |−Ec P −(−Ec)|>0.15×Ec Pav , where −Ec represents an initial coercive field of a negative polarity side of the electromechanical transducer, −Ec P represents a coercive field of the negative polarity side after the applying, Ec P represents a coercive field of a positive polarity side after the applying, and Ec Pav represents an average of absolute values of the coercive field −Ec P and the coercive field Ec P .
1. A method of manufacturing an electromechanical transducer, the method comprising:
forming a first electrode on a substrate or a base film;
forming a piezoelectric film made of lead zirconate titanate on the first electrode;
forming a second electrode on the piezoelectric film; and
polarizing the piezoelectric film, the polarizing including
applying a direct-current voltage to the second electrode from a direct-current power supply connected in series to the electromechanical transducer via a capacitor, and applying to the second electrode a positive polarity voltage having a positive polarity relative to a potential of the first electrode, and
satisfying a first expression of −Ec P −(−Ec)<0 and a second expression of |−Ec P −(−Ec)|>0.15×Ec Pav ,
where −Ec represents a coercive field of a negative polarity side prior to the polarizing of the electromechanical transducer,
−Ec P represents a coercive field of the negative polarity side of the electromechanical transducer after the applying of the positive polarity voltage to the second electrode,
Ec P represents a coercive field of a positive polarity side of the electromechanical transducer after the applying of the positive polarity voltage to the second electrode, and
Ec Pav represents an average of an absolute value of the coercive field −Ec P and an absolute value of the coercive field Ec P , wherein the capacitor is a metalized polypropylene capacitor.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising satisfying a third expression of −Ec P −(−Ec)<0 and a fourth expression of |−Ec P −(−Ec)|>0.26×Ec Pav .
3. An electromechanical transducer manufactured by the method according to claim 1 .
4. A droplet discharge head comprising the electromechanical transducer manufactured by the method according to claim 1 .
5. A droplet discharge apparatus comprising the droplet discharge head according to claim 4 .
6. An image forming apparatus comprising the droplet discharge head according to claim 4 .