Alteration of graphene defects

1. A system effective to at least partially alter a defect area in a layer on a substrate, wherein the layer includes graphene, the system comprising:

a chamber configured effective to receive the layer on the substrate placed in the chamber, wherein the layer includes at least some graphene, and at least some defect areas in the graphene, wherein the at least some defect areas are effective to reveal exposed areas of the substrate; and

a container configured in communication with the chamber;

wherein the chamber and the container are configured effective to:

react the substrate under sufficient reaction conditions to produce at least one cationic area in at least one of the exposed areas;

adhere graphene oxide to the at least one cationic area to produce a graphene oxide layer; and

reduce the graphene oxide layer to produce at least one altered defect area in the layer.

2. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes at least one of plastic, SiO 2 , glass, gold, silver, and/or polyethylene terephthalate.

3. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes silicon and wherein the chamber and the container are further configured to apply aminopropyltriethoxysilane to the substrate such that the substrate reacts under sufficient reaction conditions to produce the at least one cationic area in the at least one of the exposed areas.

4. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the chamber and the container are further configured to apply an amine terminated material to the substrate such that the substrate reacts under sufficient reaction conditions to produce the at least one cationic area in the at least one of the exposed areas.

5. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the chamber and the container are further configured to apply an amine terminated siloxane to the substrate such that the substrate reacts under sufficient reaction conditions to produce the at least one cationic area in the at least one of the exposed areas.

6. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the chamber and the container are further configured to apply polyethylenimine to the substrate such that the substrate reacts under sufficient reaction conditions to produce the at least one cationic area in the at least one of the exposed areas.

7. The system as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:

an electrode configured in operative relationship with the chamber, wherein the electrode is effective to produce a corona discharge, the corona discharge being effective to produce carboxylic acid functionalities on the substrate; and

wherein the chamber and the container are further configured to apply polyethylenimine to the carboxylic acid functionalities such that the substrate reacts under sufficient reaction conditions to produce the at least one cationic area in the at least one of the exposed areas.

8. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the chamber and the container are further configured to apply a solution of the graphene oxide and water to the substrate such that the substrate reacts under sufficient reaction conditions to adhere the graphene oxide to the at least one cationic area to produce the graphene oxide layer.

9. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the chamber and the container are further configured to apply a solution including hydrazine to the graphene oxide layer such that the substrate reacts under sufficient reaction conditions to reduce the graphene oxide layer.

10. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the chamber and the container are configured to apply a solution including sodium borohydride to the graphene oxide layer such that the substrate reacts under sufficient reaction conditions to reduce the graphene oxide layer.