Self-correcting chemical sensor
An array of resonant sensors self-corrects measured values for the effects of environmental conditions, such as operating temperature, pressure or humidity. The resonant sensors have varied frequency responses to N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters. Each of the sensors has a different, non-zero frequency response to at least two of the parameters. The device also comprises at least one detector for detecting frequency responses of the resonant sensors. Individual parameter values are determined for each of the N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters according to the detected frequency responses and a system of equations using calibration terms that relate the frequency responses to the individual parameter values.
1. A device comprising:
a) an array of resonant sensors having varied frequency responses to N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters, wherein N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, M is an integer greater than or equal to 1, and at least (N+M) of the sensors have different, non-zero frequency responses to at least two of the parameters;
b) at least one detector for detecting frequency responses of the resonant sensors; and
c) at least one processor in communication with the detector for receiving signals or data representative of the frequency responses, wherein the processor is programmed to determine individual parameter values for each of the chemical parameters according to the detected frequency responses and a system of equations using at least one matrix of calibration terms that relate the detected frequency responses to the individual parameter values, wherein each of the individual parameter values is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors, and the matrix has at least (N+M) rows, at least (N+M) columns, and off-diagonal elements with non-zero values.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the resonant sensors has a resonating member coated with at least one metal-organic framework.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the calibration terms comprise functions.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further programmed to determine individual parameter values for each of the N environmental parameters according to the detected frequency responses and the equations, and each of the individual parameter values of the N environmental parameters is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors.
5. A device comprising:
a) an array of resonant sensors having varied frequency responses to N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters, wherein N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, M is an integer greater than or equal to 1, at least (N+M) of the sensors have different, non-zero frequency responses to at least two of the parameters, and at least one of the sensors has a resonating member coated with a metal film that reflects light;
b) at least one detector for detecting frequency responses of the resonant sensors; and
c) at least one processor in communication with the detector for receiving signals or data representative of the frequency responses, wherein the processor is programmed to determine individual parameter values for each of the M chemical parameters according to the detected frequency responses and a system of equations using calibration terms that relate the detected frequency responses to the individual parameter values, and each of the individual parameter values is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors.
6. The device of claim 5 , wherein at least one of the resonant sensors has a resonating member coated with at least one metal-organic framework.
7. A device comprising:
a) an array of resonant sensors having varied frequency responses to N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters, wherein N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, M is an integer greater than or equal to 1, at least (N+M) of the resonant sensors have different, non-zero frequency responses to at least two of the parameters, each of the resonant sensors has at least one resonating member, and the resonating member of at least one of the sensors has a hydrophobic coating relative to a hydrophilic coating on the resonating member of another one of the sensors;
b) at least one detector for detecting frequency responses of the resonant sensors; and
c) at least one processor in communication with the detector for receiving signals or data representative of the frequency responses, wherein the processor is programmed to determine individual parameter values for each of the M chemical parameters according to the detected frequency responses and a system of equations using calibration terms that relate the detected frequency responses to the individual parameter values, and each of the individual parameter values is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors.
8. The device of claim 7 , wherein at least one of the resonant sensors has a resonating member that is coated with at least one metal-organic framework.
9. The device of claim 7 , wherein the resonating member of at least one of the sensors in the array has a thickness that is at least twice the thickness of the resonating member of another one of the sensors in the array.
10. The device of claim 7 , wherein at least one of the sensors has a resonating member with a hole or perforation.
11. The device of claim 7 , wherein the processor is further programmed to determine individual parameter values for each of the N environmental parameters according to the detected frequency responses and the equations, and each of the individual parameter values of the N environmental parameters is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors.
12. A device comprising:
a) an array of resonant sensors having varied frequency responses to N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters, wherein N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, M is an integer greater than or equal to 1, at least (N+M) of the sensors have different, non-zero frequency responses to at least two of the parameters, and at least one of the sensors has a resonating member composed of at least two materials having different coefficients of thermal expansion;
b) at least one detector for detecting frequency responses of the resonant sensors; and
c) at least one processor in communication with the detector for receiving signals or data representative of the frequency responses, wherein the processor is programmed to determine individual parameter values for each of the M chemical parameters according to the detected frequency responses and a system of equations using calibration terms that relate the detected frequency responses to the individual parameter values, and each of the individual parameter values is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein at least one of the resonant sensors in the array has a resonating member coated with at least one metal-organic framework.
14. A method comprising:
a) exposing a sensor array to a sample, wherein the sensor array comprises a plurality of resonant sensors having varied frequency responses to N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters, N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, M is an integer greater than or equal to 1, and at least (N+M) of the sensors have different, non-zero frequency responses to at least two of the parameters;
b) detecting frequency responses of the sensors; and
c) employing at least one processor to determine individual parameter values for each of the M chemical parameters according to the detected frequency responses and a system of equations using at least one matrix of calibration terms that relate the detected frequency responses to the individual parameter values, wherein each of the individual parameter values is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors, and the matrix has at least (N+M) rows, at least (N+M) columns, and off-diagonal elements with non-zero values.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the resonant sensors has a resonating member that is coated with at least one metal-organic framework.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the calibration terms comprise functions.
17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising the step of employing the processor to determine individual parameter values for each of the N environmental parameters according to the detected frequency responses and the calibration terms in the matrix, wherein each of the individual parameter values of the N environmental parameters is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors.
18. A method comprising:
a) exposing a sensor array to a sample, wherein the sensor array comprises a plurality of resonant sensors having varied frequency responses to N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters, N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, M is an integer greater than or equal to 1, at least (N+M) of the sensors have different, non-zero frequency responses to at least two of the parameters, and at least one of the sensors has a resonating member coated with a metal film that reflects light;
b) detecting frequency responses of the sensors; and
c) employing at least one processor to determine individual parameter values for each of the M chemical parameters according to the detected frequency responses and a system of equations using calibration terms that relate the detected frequency responses to the individual parameter values, wherein each of the individual parameter values is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors and the corresponding calibration terms.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein at least one of the resonant sensors has a resonating member that is coated with at least one metal-organic framework.
20. A method comprising:
a) exposing a sensor array to a sample, wherein the sensor array comprises a plurality of resonant sensors having varied frequency responses to N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters, N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, M is an integer greater than or equal to 1, at least (N+M) of the sensors have different, non-zero frequency responses to at least two of the parameters, each of the sensors comprises at least one resonating member, and the resonating member of at least one of the sensors has a hydrophobic coating relative to a hydrophilic coating on the resonating member of another one of the sensors in the array;
b) detecting frequency responses of the sensors; and
c) employing at least one processor to determine individual parameter values for each of the M chemical parameters according to the detected frequency responses and a system of equations using calibration terms that relate the detected frequency responses to the individual parameter values, wherein each of the individual parameter values is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors and the corresponding calibration terms.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein at least one of the resonant sensors has a resonating member that is coated with at least one metal-organic framework.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the processor is further programmed to determine individual parameter values for each of the N environmental parameters according to the detected frequency responses and the equations, and each of the individual parameter values of the N environmental parameters is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors and the corresponding calibration terms.
23. A method comprising:
a) exposing a sensor array to a sample, wherein the sensor array comprises a plurality of resonant sensors having varied frequency responses to N environmental parameters and M chemical parameters, N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, M is an integer greater than or equal to 1, at least (N+M) of the sensors have different, non-zero frequency responses to at least two of the parameters, and at least one of the sensors comprises a resonating member composed of at least two materials having different coefficients of thermal expansion;
b) detecting frequency responses of the sensors; and
c) employing at least one processor to determine individual parameter values for each of the M chemical parameters according to the detected frequency responses and a system of equations using calibration terms that relate the detected frequency responses to the individual parameter values, wherein each of the individual parameter values is calculated using the frequency responses of at least two of the resonant sensors and the corresponding calibration terms.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein at least one of the resonant sensors has a resonating member that is coated with at least one metal-organic framework.