Method and device for determining deviation in pressure in a blood vessel
Deviations of blood pressure due to stenosis caused by plaque pose a health risk. The deviation, often expressed in a fractional flow reserve, may be calculated on a per-location basis using deviations of the local cross-sectional area or local diameter from a reference value representing a healthy vessel. The reference value may be obtained by means of linear or higher order interpolation or linear regression techniques. Together with the flow velocity of a fluid through the vessel, a value of local deviation of a vessel geometry compared to a reference value allows for accurate, fast and efficient calculation of the fractional flow reserve for every location of the vessel for which geometry data is available. The reference value as well as actual data obtained by measurements may be represented or approximated by functions, allowing accurate and efficient calculation of data over a continuous region of the segment under scrutiny.
1. Method of determining a pressure drop in a segment of a blood vessel, the method comprising:
Receiving geometry data on a geometry of the segment, the segment having a proximal segment end and a distal segment end, the geometry data comprising:
a first geometrical parameter indicative of a first area of a first cross-section of the blood vessel at the proximal segment end;
a second geometrical parameter indicative of a second area of a second cross-section of the blood vessel at the distal segment end;
a third geometrical parameter indicative of a third area of a third cross-section of the blood vessel at a first location in the segment between the proximal segment end and the distal segment end;
Receiving data indicative of a fluid flow velocity of a fluid flow through the segment;
Based on the first geometrical parameter, the second geometrical parameter, the third geometrical parameter and location data related to the first location, determining a reference geometrical parameter value at the first location;
Based on the reference geometrical parameter value at the first location, the third geometrical parameter and the fluid flow velocity, determining a pressure deviation between a first fluid pressure at the proximal segment end and a second fluid pressure at the first location.
2. Method according to claim 1 , further comprising, based on the third geometrical parameter and the reference geometrical parameter value at the first location, determining an geometrical parameter difference between an actual geometrical parameter at the first location based on the third geometrical parameter and the reference geometrical parameter value at the first location; wherein determining the pressure deviation between the first fluid pressure and the second fluid pressure is also based on the geometrical parameter difference.
3. Method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
Determining a reference geometrical parameter function representing reference geometrical parameter values as a function of a distance from a reference point in the segment; and
Determining a difference function representing geometrical parameter differences between the reference geometrical parameter function and received geometry data as a function of a distance from the reference point; and
Wherein determining the pressure deviation between the first fluid pressure and the second fluid pressure is based on the difference function.
4. Method according to claim 3 , further comprising determining a derivative difference function as a derivative of the difference function and wherein determining the pressure deviation between the first fluid pressure and the second fluid pressure is based on the derivative difference function.
5. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the pressure deviation is calculated as ratio of a first fluid pressure in the segment at the first location divided by a second fluid pressure in the segment at the proximal segment end.
6. Method according to claim 5 , wherein:
Receiving geometry data further comprises receiving a fourth geometrical parameter indicative of a fourth area of a fourth cross-section of the blood vessel at a second location in the segment between the proximal segment end and the first location; and
Determining the ratio between a first fluid pressure in the segment at the proximal segment end and a second fluid pressure in the segment at the first location is also based on the fourth geometrical parameter.
7. Method according to claim 6 , further comprising determining a ratio between the first fluid pressure and a third fluid pressure in the segment at the second location and wherein determining the ratio between a first fluid pressure in the segment at the proximal segment end and a second fluid pressure in the segment at the first location is also based on the ratio between the first fluid pressure and the third fluid pressure.
8. Method according to claim 1 , wherein determining a reference geometrical parameter value at the first location comprises a linear normalisation as a function of a position in the segment.
9. Method according to claim 8 , wherein the linear normalisation is a normalisation between the proximal end and the distal end.
10. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the first location data related to the first location comprise a distance between the first location and the proximal end.
11. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the fluid flow velocity is determined from the proximal segment end to the distal segment end.
12. Method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
Receiving a first multitude of two-dimensional images of the blood vessel under the first angle, the images comprised by the first multitude being sequential in time and displaying a fluid in the blood vessel; and
Determining the fluid flow velocity from the first multitude of two-dimensional images.
13. Method according to claim 11 , wherein the determined fluid flow velocity is an average velocity of the fluid through the segment.
14. Method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
Receiving at least a first two-dimensional image of the blood vessel under a first angle;
Receiving at least a second two-dimensional image of the blood vessel under a second angle, the relative angle between the first angle and the second angle being at least 25 degrees;
Reconstructing a three-dimensional representation of the vessel system.
15. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the blood vessel is a coronary artery.
16. Method according to claim 1 , wherein receiving geometry data comprises obtaining the geometry data by means of quantitative coronary angiography.
17. Computer programme product comprising computer executable code that, when loaded in a processing module of a computer, causes the computer to execute the method according to claim 1 .
18. Arrangement for determining a pressure drop in a segment of a blood vessel, the arrangement comprising:
An input module arranged to:
Receive geometry data on a geometry of the segment, the segment having a proximal segment end and a distal segment end, the geometry data comprising:
a first geometrical parameter indicative of a first area of a first cross-section of the blood vessel at the proximal segment end;
a second geometrical parameter indicative of a second area of a first cross-section of the blood vessel at the distal segment end;
a third geometrical parameter indicative of a third area of a third cross-section of the blood vessel at a first location in the segment between the proximal segment end and the distal segment end;
Receive a fluid flow velocity of a fluid flow through the segment;
A processing module arranged to:
Based on the first geometrical parameter, the second geometrical parameter, the third geometrical parameter and location data related to the first location, determine a reference geometrical parameter value at the first location; and
Based on the reference geometrical parameter value and the fluid flow velocity, determine a pressure deviation between a first fluid pressure at the proximal segment end and a second fluid pressure at the first location; and
An output module for providing the ratio of a first fluid pressure in the segment at the first location divided by a second fluid pressure in the segment at the proximal segment end.