Illumination apparatus confining light by total internal reflection and methods of forming the same
In various embodiments, an illumination apparatus includes an air gap between a sub-assembly and a waveguide attached thereto at a plurality of discrete attachment points, as well as a bare-die light-emitting diode encapsulated by the waveguide.
1. A method of illumination utilizing a light-emitting diode (LED) disposed over a sub-assembly and at least partially disposed within a waveguide, the method comprising:
in-coupling light emitted by the LED into the waveguide at an in-coupling region of the waveguide;
confining light within the waveguide at least partially via total internal reflection at a first surface of the waveguide, the first surface facing the sub-assembly; and
emitting light from an out-coupling region of the waveguide different from the in-coupling region.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein an air gap is disposed between at least a portion of the sub-assembly and at least a portion of the first surface of the waveguide.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sub-assembly is attached to the first surface of the waveguide only at a plurality of discrete attachment points.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein at least one of the discrete attachment points comprises a substantially rigid joining element for facilitating alignment of the waveguide with the sub-assembly.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising confining light within the waveguide with a reflector disposed over at least a portion of a second surface of the waveguide.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the second surface is opposite the first surface.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein an air gap is disposed between the second surface of the waveguide and the reflector.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein an index-matching material is disposed on at least a portion of the LED.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein at least a portion of the index-matching material is disposed between the LED and the waveguide.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the LED comprises a bare-die LED.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the LED consists essentially of a bare-die LED.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide defines a recess in the first surface, and the LED is at least partially disposed within the recess.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one index-matching material fills at least a portion of the recess.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the out-coupling region comprises at least a portion of an emission surface of the waveguide, the emission surface being different from the first surface.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first surface and the emission surface are substantially planar.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first surface is substantially parallel to the emission surface.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first surface is substantially perpendicular to the emission surface.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the out-coupling region is laterally spaced away from the LED.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein an in-coupling element for in-coupling light emitted by the LED into the waveguide is disposed over the LED.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the in-coupling element comprises at least one of a reflector, a prism, or one or more scattering elements.