Pyrido[4,3-B]indole and pyrido[3,4-B]indole derivatives and methods of use

1. A method of treating schizophrenia in an individual comprising administering to an individual in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (IA):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

wherein:

R 1 is H, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, acyl, acyloxy, carbonylalkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, C 1 -C 8 perhaloalkoxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiol, thioalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, acylamino, aminoacyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aminosulfonyl, sulfonylamino, sulfonyl or carbonylalkylenealkoxy, or R 1 and R 2a are taken together to form a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety, or R 1 and R 3a are taken together to form a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety, or R 1 and R 4a are taken together to form an ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety;

each R 2a and R 2b is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkoxy, nitro, substituted or unsubstituted amino, acyloxy, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, or R 2a and R 2b are taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a carbonyl moiety or a cycloalkyl moiety, or R 2a and R 1 are taken together to form a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety, or R 2a and R 3a are taken together to form an ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety, or R 2a and R 4a are taken together to form a methylene (—CH 2 —) moiety or an ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety;

each R 3a and R 3b is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkoxy, nitro, substituted or unsubstituted amino, acyloxy, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, or R 3a and R 3b are taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a carbonyl moiety or a cycloalkyl moiety, or R 3a and R 1 are taken together to form a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety, or R 3a and R 2a are taken together to form an ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety, or R 3a and R 4a are taken together to form a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety;

each R 4a and R 4b is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, substituted or unsubstituted amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, or R 4a and R 4b are taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a carbonyl moiety or a cycloalkyl moiety, or R 4a and R 1 are taken together to form an ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety, or R 4a and R 2a are taken together to form a methylene (—CH 2 —) moiety or an ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety, or R 4a and R 3a are taken together to form a propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety or a butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) moiety;

R 5 is H or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl;

each X 1 , X 2 and X 3 is independently N, CH or CR 6 ;

each m, n, o and p is independently 0 or 1;

each R 6 is independently hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, halo, C 1 -C 8 perhaloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 8 perhaloalkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, carboxyl, carbonylalkoxy, thiol, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, thioalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, acylamino, aminoacyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aminosulfonyl, sulfonylamino, sulfonyl, carbonylalkylenealkoxy, alkylsulfonylamino or acyl;

each R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , R 8e , R 8f , R 8g and R 8h is independently H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, halo, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 1 -C 8 perhaloalkyl, carboxyl, carbonylalkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 8 alkyl substituted with a carbonylalkoxy, carboxyl or acylamino moiety, or is taken together with a geminal R 8(a-h) to form a substituted or unsubstituted methylene moiety or a moiety of the formula —OCH 2 CH 2 O—, or is taken together with a geminal R 8(a-h) and the carbon to which they are attached to form a carbonyl moiety or a cycloalkyl moiety, or is taken together with a vicinal R 8(a-h) and the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl moiety, or is taken together with a vicinal R 8(a-h) to form a bond provided that when an R 8(a-h) is taken together with a vicinal R 8(a-h) to form a bond, the geminal R 8(a-h) is other than hydroxyl; and

Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, alkoxy, aminoacyl, acyloxy, carboxyl, carbonylalkoxy, cyano, alkynyl, aminocarbonylalkoxy, acylamino, or is a group of the formula —CR 9 ═CR 10a R 10b , wherein R 9 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl and R 10a and R 10b are taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or heterocyclyl moiety;

provided that (i) at least one of X 1 , X 2 and X 3 is N or CR 6 , and (ii) when at least one of X 1 , X 2 and X 3 is CH or CR 6 , then provisions (1)-(4) apply:

(1) when each m, n, o and p is 0 and R 5 is H, then Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, acyloxy, cyano, alkynyl, acylamino, a group of the formula —CR 9 ═CR 10a R 10b , or amino substituted with one or two substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl;

(2) when each m, n, o and p is 0 and R 5 is methyl, then Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl other than unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, aminoacyl, acyloxy, carboxyl, carbonylalkoxy, alkynyl, aminocarbonylalkoxy, a group of the formula —CR 9 ═CR 10a R 10b , or amino substituted with one or two substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl;

(3) wherein at least one of m, n, o and p is 1 and R 5 is H, then Q substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, aminoacyl, acyloxy, carboxyl, carbonylalkoxy, cyano, alkynyl, aminocarbonylalkoxy, acylamino, or is a group of the formula —CR 9 ═CR 10a R 10b ; and

(4) wherein at least one of m, n, o and p is 1 and R 5 is methyl, then Q substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl other than a substituted piperazinyl, aminoacyl, acyloxy, carboxyl, cyano, alkynyl, aminocarbonylalkoxy, acylamino, or is a group of the formula —CR 9 ═CR 10a R 10 b , or amino substituted with one or two substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is of formula (C1), (C2), (C3), (C4) or (C5):

wherein:

R 1 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl;

R 5 is H or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl;

R 6 is H, halo, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl;

R 8c is H, OH or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl;

R 8d is H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, and the bond indicates the presence of either an E or Z double bond configuration;

Y is O or NR 11 ;

each R 11 , R 12a and R 12b is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl;

each X 1 and X 3 is independently CH or N; and

D is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

provided that when the compound is of the formula (C5), D is other than unsubstituted phenyl.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound is of the formula (C1).

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound is of the formula (C2).

5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound is of the formula (C3).

6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound is of the formula (C4).

7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound is of the formula (C5).

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is H or methyl.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 5 is H or methyl.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein X 1 is CH.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein X 3 is CH.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 6 is H, chloro or methyl.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein R 6 is methyl.

14. The method of claim 3 , wherein R 8c is H, OH or methyl.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein R 8d is H or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl.

16. The method of claim 4 , wherein R 8d is H or methyl.

17. The method of claim 6 , wherein Y is NR 11 .

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein R 11 is H or methyl.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein each R 12a and R 12b is H.

20. The method of claim 17 , wherein D is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, pyridin-4-yl, pyridine-3-yl, 6-methylpyridin-3-yl, thiophen-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, and 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl.

21. The method of claim 2 , wherein D is selected from the group consisting of 4-fluorophenyl, pyridin-4-yl, pyridine-3-yl, 6-methylpyridin-3-yl, thiophen-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, and 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein Q is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

23. A method of treating schizophrenia in an individual comprising administering to an individual in need thereof an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of compounds 2, 5-22, 28-35, 39, 42-44, 47-50, 53-59, 62-65, 68-89, 105-112, 115-117, 119-121, and 149-154;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of compounds 2, 5-22, 28-35, 39, and 42;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.