Composition for forming solar cell electrode and electrode prepared using the same
Example embodiments relate to a composition for forming a solar cell electrode, and a solar cell electrode prepared using the composition. The composition for forming a solar cell electrode includes a silver (Ag) powder, a glass frit, and an organic vehicle, wherein the glass frit includes silver (Ag); tellurium (Te); and at least one selected from the group of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K), a molar ratio of the silver (Ag):the tellurium (Te) included in the glass frit is in a range of about 1:0.1 to about 1:50, and a molar ratio of the silver (Ag):lithium (Li), sodium (Na) or potassium (K) is in a range of about 1:0.01 to about 1:10. The solar cell electrode prepared using the composition has excellent fill factor and conversion efficiency due to minimized contact resistance (Rc) and series resistance (Rs).
1. A composition for forming a solar cell electrode, the composition comprising:
a silver powder, a glass frit, and an organic vehicle, wherein:
the glass frit includes silver, tellurium, and one or more of lithium, sodium, or potassium,
a molar ratio of silver:tellurium in the glass frit is about 1:0.1 to about 1:50, and
a molar ratio of silver:lithium, sodium, or potassium in the glass frit is about 1:0.01 to about 1:10,
wherein silver in the glass frit is formed from one or more of silver cyanide, silver nitrate, a silver halide, silver carbonate, silver acetate, or silver sulfate, and
wherein the glass frit generates silver crystals in response to baking the composition for forming a solar cell electrode.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the glass frit further includes one or more of lead, bismuth, phosphorus, germanium, gallium, cerium, iron, silicon, zinc, tungsten, magnesium, cesium, strontium, molybdenum, titanium, tin, indium, vanadium, ruthenium, barium, nickel, copper, arsenic, cobalt, zirconium, manganese, neodymium, chromium, antimony, or aluminum.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the glass frit includes silver at about 0.1 mol % to about 65 mol %, based on the total moles of the glass frit.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the glass frit is formed from a metal precursor that includes:
the one or more of silver cyanide, silver nitrate, a silver halide, silver carbonate, silver acetate, or silver sulfate;
tellurium oxide; and
a compound including one or more of lithium, sodium, or potassium.
5. The composition as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the metal precursor further includes one or more of lead oxide, bismuth oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, gallium oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, magnesium oxide, cesium oxide, strontium oxide, molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, vanadium oxide, ruthenium oxide, barium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, arsenic oxide, cobalt oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, neodymium oxide, chromium oxide, antimony oxide, or aluminum oxide.
6. The composition as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the metal precursor includes:
about 1 wt % to about 45 wt % of the one or more of silver cyanide, silver nitrate, a silver halide, silver carbonate, silver acetate, or silver sulfate,
about 20 wt % to about 75 wt % of the tellurium oxide, and
about 1 wt % to about 35 wt % of the compound including one or more of lithium, sodium, or potassium.
7. The composition as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the metal precursor includes about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % of the one or more of lead oxide, bismuth oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, gallium oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, magnesium oxide, cesium oxide, strontium oxide, molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, vanadium oxide, ruthenium oxide, barium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, arsenic oxide, cobalt oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, neodymium oxide, chromium oxide, antimony oxide, or aluminum oxide.
8. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the composition includes:
about 60 wt % to about 95 wt % of the silver powder;
about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % of the glass frit; and
about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of the organic vehicle.
9. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the glass frit has an average particle size (D50) of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.
10. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising one or more of a dispersing agent, a thixotropic agent, a plasticizing agent, a viscosity stabilizing agent, an antifoaming agent, a pigment, a UV stabilizer, an antioxidant, or a coupling agent.
11. A solar cell electrode prepared using the composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the solar cell electrode includes the silver crystals.
12. A method of fabricating a solar cell, the method comprising:
applying the composition as claimed in claim 1 on a substrate for a solar cell; and
forming a solar cell electrode on the substrate, forming the solar cell electrode including firing the substrate having the composition applied thereon.
13. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the glass frit includes silver, tellurium, and one or more of sodium or potassium.
14. A composition for forming a solar cell electrode, the composition comprising:
a silver powder, a glass frit, and an organic vehicle, wherein:
the glass frit includes silver, tellurium, and one or more of sodium or potassium,
a molar ratio of silver:tellurium in the glass frit is about 1:0.1 to about 1:50, and
a molar ratio of silver:sodium or potassium in the glass frit is about 1:0.01 to about 1:10,
wherein silver in the glass frit is formed from one or more of silver cyanide, silver nitrate, a silver halide, silver carbonate, silver acetate, or silver sulfate, and
wherein the glass frit generates silver crystals in response to baking the composition for forming a solar cell electrode.