Transdermal neurostimulator adapted to reduce capacitive build-up
Neurostimulators for application of transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) and methods of using them for comfortably inducing a cognitive effect. The apparatuses described herein may include hardware, software and/or firmware components that are configured to safely and effectively apply high current intensity (e.g., using a high voltage source). These apparatuses may also include circuitry configured to deliver complex (e.g., ensemble) TES current waveforms that incorporate capacitive discharge current at selected portions of the delivered waveform to enhance user comfort. Methods of operating these devices to reduce capacitance buildup on the user's skin by delivering integrated capacitive discharging currents are also included.
1. A transdermal neurostimulator device, the device comprising:
a housing enclosing a current source;
a first surface on the housing;
a first connector and a second connector, wherein the first connector is configured to electrically connect with a first electrode of an electrode apparatus and the second connector is configured to electrically connect with a second electrode; and
a controller within the housing, the controller comprising:
a waveform generator configured to deliver a pulsed, asymmetric, biphasic current between the first and second connectors, and
a capacitive discharge circuit triggered by the controller and connected to one or both of the first and second connectors and configured to deliver a gradual capacitive discharging current pulse during a portion of a cycle of the biphasic electrical stimulation signal, the capacitive discharging current pulse delivering either or both: a first charge to counter a first capacitive charge on the first electrode, and a second charge to counter a second capacitive charge on the second electrode, wherein the capacitive discharge circuit includes a double H-Bridge circuit configured to generate the gradual capacitive discharging pulse.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first connector and a second connector are on the first surface.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to trigger the capacitive discharge circuit multiple times within each cycle of the pulsed, asymmetric, biphasic electrical stimulation signal.
4. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a wireless communication sub-system within the housing and connected to the controller.
5. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a first electrode connected to the first connector and a second electrode connected to the second connector.
6. The device of claim 1 , further wherein the controller is configured to trigger the capacitive discharge circuit to deliver the gradual capacitive discharging pulse at a start or an end of a positive-going portion of the biphasic electrical signal.
7. The device of claim 1 , further wherein the controller is configured to activate the capacitive discharge circuit to deliver the gradual capacitive discharging pulse at a start or an end of a negative-going portion of the biphasic electrical signal.
8. A transdermal neurostimulator device, the device comprising:
a housing enclosing a current source;
a first surface on the housing;
a first connector and a second connector, wherein the first connector is configured to electrically connect with a first electrode of an electrode apparatus and the second connector is configured to electrically connect with a second electrode; and
a controller within the housing, the controller comprising:
a waveform generator configured to deliver a pulsed, asymmetric, biphasic current between the first and second connectors, and
a capacitive discharge circuit triggered by the controller and connected to one or both of the first and second connectors and configured to deliver a gradual capacitive discharging current pulse during a portion of a cycle of the biphasic electrical stimulation signal, the capacitive discharging current pulse delivering either or both: a first charge to counter a first capacitive charge on the first electrode, and a second charge to counter a second capacitive charge on the second electrode, further wherein the controller is configured to trigger the capacitive discharge circuit to deliver the gradual capacitive discharging pulse at a start or an end of a positive-going portion of the biphasic electrical signal.
9. The device of claim 8 , wherein the first connector and a second connector are on the first surface.
10. The device of claim 8 , wherein the controller is configured to trigger the capacitive discharge circuit multiple times within each cycle of the pulsed, asymmetric, biphasic electrical stimulation signal.
11. The device of claim 8 , further comprising a wireless communication sub-system within the housing and connected to the controller.
12. The device of claim 8 , further comprising a first electrode connected to the first connector and a second electrode connected to the second connector.
13. A transdermal neurostimulator device, the device comprising:
a housing enclosing a current source;
a first surface on the housing;
a first connector and a second connector, wherein the first connector is configured to electrically connect with a first electrode of an electrode apparatus and the second connector is configured to electrically connect with a second electrode; and
a controller within the housing, the controller comprising:
a waveform generator configured to deliver a pulsed, asymmetric, biphasic current between the first and second connectors, and
a capacitive discharge circuit triggered by the controller and connected to one or both of the first and second connectors and configured to deliver a gradual capacitive discharging current pulse during a portion of a cycle of the biphasic electrical stimulation signal, the capacitive discharging current pulse delivering either or both: a first charge to counter a first capacitive charge on the first electrode, and a second charge to counter a second capacitive charge on the second electrode, further wherein the controller is configured to activate the capacitive discharge circuit to deliver the gradual capacitive discharging pulse at a start or an end of a negative-going portion of the biphasic electrical signal.
14. The device of claim 13 , wherein the first connector and a second connector are on the first surface.
15. The device of claim 13 , wherein the controller is configured to trigger the capacitive discharge circuit multiple times within each cycle of the pulsed, asymmetric, biphasic electrical stimulation signal.
16. The device of claim 13 , further comprising a wireless communication sub-system within the housing and connected to the controller.
17. The device of claim 13 , further comprising a first electrode connected to the first connector and a second electrode connected to the second connector.