Nano-engineered coatings for anode active materials, cathode active materials, and solid-state electrolytes and methods of making batteries containing nano-engineered coatings

1. A battery cathode, comprising:

a plurality of nickel-rich cathode active material particles comprising lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide or lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide, and

wherein the cathode active material particles contain 80% nickel or higher

a nano-engineered coating formed from an atomic layer deposition (ALD) or molecular layer deposition (MLD) layer of coating material disposed on the surface of one or more of the cathode active material particles that undergoes a solid state reaction with the cathode active material particle surface to create the nano-engineered coating on the coated cathode active material particles;

wherein the nano-engineered coating is obtained by 4 to 8 cycles of ALD or MLD

the ALD or MLD layer of coating material comprising one or more of a: metal oxide, metal halide, metal oxyflouride, metal phosphate, metal sulfate, non-metal oxide, polymetallic ionic structures, metal organic complex, or organic complex, the nano-engineered coating being ionically-conductive,

wherein the nano-engineered coating is configured to prevent one or more undesirable cathode active material particle transformations selected from the group: particle cracking, changes in metal distribution, irreversible volume changes or crystal phase changes; and

wherein the nano-engineered coating comprises a thickness between 2 and 10 nm.

2. The battery cathode of claim 1 , wherein the nano-engineered coating comprises Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , or LiPON.

3. The battery cathode of claim 1 , wherein the nano-engineered coating comprises a layer comprising Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , or LiPON and having a thickness between 2 and 10 nm.

4. The battery cathode of claim 1 , wherein the ALD layer comprises alumina or titania and the cathode active material comprises lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide.

5. The battery cathode of claim 4 , wherein the ALD layer comprises alumina.

6. The battery cathode of claim 5 , wherein the possesses about the same or higher capacity as compared to a battery made from the uncoated powder.

7. The battery cathode of claim 1 , wherein the nano-engineered coating comprises LiPON and the cathode active material comprises lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide.

8. A battery, comprising:

an anode;

a cathode comprising a plurality of cathode active material particles and the cathode active material particles contain 80% nickel or higher;

an electrolyte configured to provide ionic transfer between the anode and the cathode; and

a microscopic layer of material deposited on the surface of one or more of the cathode active material particles comprising lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide or lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide before the cathode active material particles are mixed into a slurry and applied to a current collector to form the cathode;

the microscopic layer comprising one or more of a: metal oxide, metal halide, metal oxyflouride, metal phosphate, metal sulfate, non-metal oxide, polymetallic ionic structure, metal organic complex, or organic complex,

wherein the microscopic layer comprises a thickness of 2 to 10 nm and is obtained by 4 to 8 cycles of atomic layer deposition or molecular layer deposition coating that undergoes a solid state reaction with the cathode active material particle surface, and

the microscopic layer is configured to prevent one or more undesirable cathode active material particle transformations selected from the group: particle cracking, changes in metal distribution, irreversible volume changes or crystal phase changes.

9. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the layer of coating material comprises one or more of a metal selected from a group consisting of: alkali metals; transition metals; lanthanum; boron; silicon; carbon; tin; germanium; gallium; aluminum; and indium.

10. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the atomic layer deposition coating comprises alumina or titania coated on a nickel-rich cathode active material surface.

11. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the microscopic layer comprises a uniform coating.

12. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the microscopic layer comprises a coating conforming to the surface.

13. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the microscopic layer comprises a continuous coating.

14. A lithium-ion battery comprising the battery cathode of claim 1 , wherein the battery cathode has been cycled in an electrolyte comprising lithium ions.

15. A solid-state lithium-ion battery comprising the battery cathode of claim 1 , wherein the battery cathode has been cycled in a solid-state electrolyte comprising lithium ions.

16. The battery cathode of claim 3 , wherein the cathode active material comprises lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide.

17. A battery cathode powder, comprising:

a plurality of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide cathode active material particles containing 80% nickel or higher, and

a layer of coating material disposed on the surface of one or more of the cathode active material particles;

the coating material comprising one or more of an aluminum: oxide, halide, oxyflouride, phosphate, sulfate, polymetallic ionic structure, organic complex, or polymetallic organic complex; the layer of coating material being ionically-conductive, and

wherein the layer of coating material is obtained by a solid-state reaction between the cathode active material and 4 to 8 cycles of an atomic layer deposition or molecular layer deposition coating at the surface of the cathode active material particles.

18. The battery cathode of claim 1 , wherein the nano-engineered coating substantially prevents particle cracking and/or irreversible volume changes.

19. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the microscopic layer substantially prevents particle cracking and/or irreversible volume changes.

20. The battery cathode powder of claim 17 , wherein the layer of coating material comprises alumina or titania.

21. The battery cathode of powder of claim 20 wherein powder possesses about the same or higher capacity as compared to the uncoated powder.

22. The battery of claim 10 , wherein the cathode active material comprises lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide.