Security aspects of multiexponential decays
View Patent ↗At least two luminescent materials are intermingled within a security feature. The materials are selected from among a larger set of luminescent materials each having a different individual exponential decay characteristic (decay constant and initial amplitude response to the degree of excitation) for photo-luminescent emission from the respective material following excitation. The ratio of the decay constants for any two materials is greater than or equal to about 1.5. The selected materials are mixed in one of a plurality of predetermined ratios. The combined emissions from the intermingled materials appear, to an unsophisticated measuring device, to have a single exponential decay constant. Based on measurements for the decay of the combined emissions following excitation, estimates of the individual decay constants and associated initial emission amplitudes allow decoding of the particular combination of materials and/or their ratios to validate the security feature, authenticating the article.
1. A security feature, comprising:
an intermingled luminescent material comprising a plurality of luminescent materials that, when individually excited in an absence of other luminescent materials, each produce emissions with a respective individual exponential decay characteristic,
wherein the intermingled luminescent material responds to excitation with emissions at a wavelength having a single, multi-exponential decay characteristic, the single multi-exponential decay characteristic different than all of the respective individual exponential decay characteristics for the plurality of luminescent materials.
2. The security feature according to claim 1 , wherein the intermingled luminescent material is affixed to a brand product.
3. The security feature according to claim 1 , wherein the individual exponential decay characteristics are a respective individual decay constant for emissions following excitation.
4. The security feature according to claim 3 , wherein the plurality of luminescent materials are selected based on a ratio of the respective individual exponential decay characteristics, and wherein the ratio is greater than or equal to a predetermined ratio.
5. The security feature according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of luminescent materials are intermingled in the security feature to produce an overall decay of emissions from the intermingled luminescent material according to
y=A 1 e −t/τ 1 +A 2 e −t/τ 2 +A 3 e −t/τ 3 . . . +A n e −t/τ n
where y is an intensity or amplitude of the emissions at time t, A n is an initial amplitude of emissions from an nth one of the plurality of luminescent materials following excitation and τ n is a decay constant for emissions from the nth luminescent material following excitation.
6. The security feature according to claim 1 , wherein the emissions of the plurality luminescent materials in response to the excitation are compared to one or more templates of multi-exponential curves to estimate a ratio of amounts of each of the plurality luminescent materials within the intermingled luminescent material.
7. The security feature according to claim 1 , comprising a substrate in which the intermingled luminescent material is embedded.
8. A document including the security feature according to claim 1 , wherein one or more emission responses of the intermingled luminescent material to excitation by light having a first wavelength and to excitation by light having a second wavelength is employed to identify the plurality of luminescent materials.
9. A method of authenticating a security feature, the method comprising:
using an illumination source, exciting an intermingled luminescent material within the security feature, the intermingled luminescent material comprising a plurality of luminescent materials that, when individually excited in an absence of other luminescent materials, each produce emissions with a respective individual exponential decay characteristic, wherein the intermingled luminescent material responds to excitation with emissions at a wavelength having a single, multi-exponential decay characteristic, the single multi-exponential decay characteristic different than all of the respective individual exponential decay characteristics for the plurality of luminescent materials;
using a sensor, measuring decay spectra from the security feature following excitation; and
using a processing element,
estimating a plurality of exponential decay characteristics from the measured decay spectra that combine to form the single multi-exponential decay characteristic, and
identifying materials from a selected group of materials each corresponding to one of the plurality of estimated exponential decay characteristics forming the single multi-exponential decay characteristic.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the intermingled luminescent material is affixed to a brand product.
11. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the individual exponential decay characteristics are a respective individual decay constant for emissions following excitation.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the plurality of luminescent materials are selected based on a ratio of the respective individual exponential decay characteristics, and wherein the ratio is greater than or equal to a predetermined ratio.
13. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the plurality of luminescent materials are intermingled in the security feature to produce an overall decay of emissions from the intermingled luminescent material according to
y=A 1 e −t/τ 1 +A 2 e −t/τ 2 +A 3 e −t/τ 3 . . . +A n e −t/τ n
where y is an intensity or amplitude of the emissions at time t, A n is an initial amplitude of emissions from an nth one of the plurality of luminescent materials following excitation and τ n is a decay constant for emissions from the nth luminescent material following excitation.
14. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the emissions of the plurality luminescent materials in response to the excitation are compared to one or more templates of multi-exponential curves to estimate a ratio of amounts of each of the plurality luminescent materials within the intermingled luminescent material.
15. The method according to claim 9 , further comprising:
using the illumination source, illuminating a substrate in which the intermingled luminescent material is embedded.
16. The method according to claim 15 , further comprising:
using the processing element, employing one or more emission responses of the intermingled luminescent material to excitation by light having a first wavelength and to excitation by light having a second wavelength to identify the plurality of luminescent materials.
17. An automated authentication device, comprising:
an excitation source configured to illuminate the security feature for an article with light of at least one selected wavelength as the security feature is moved in front of the authentication device, the security feature including an intermingled luminescent material comprising a plurality of luminescent materials that, when individually excited in an absence of other luminescent materials, each produce emissions with a respective individual exponential decay characteristic, wherein the intermingled luminescent material is selected to respond to illumination with the light with emissions having a single, multi-exponential decay characteristic, the single multi-exponential decay characteristic different than all of the respective individual exponential decay characteristics for the plurality of luminescent materials;
at least one sensor configured to receive emissions from the security feature for the article as the security feature is moved in front of the authentication device and measure decay spectra of emissions from the security feature; and
a processing element configured to estimate a plurality of exponential decay characteristics from the measured decay spectra that combine to form the single multi-exponential decay characteristic.
18. The authentication device according to claim 17 , wherein the article is a brand product.
19. The authentication device according to claim 17 , wherein the plurality of luminescent materials are intermingled in the security feature to produce an overall decay of emissions from the intermingled luminescent material according to
y=A 1 e −t/τ 1 +A 2 e −t/τ 2 +A 3 e −t/τ 3 . . . +A n e −t/τ n
where y is an intensity or amplitude of the emissions at time t, A n is an initial amplitude of emissions from an nth one of the plurality of luminescent materials following excitation and τ n is a decay constant for emissions from the nth luminescent material following excitation.
20. The authentication device according to claim 17 , wherein the security feature is moved in front of the authentication device using one of a document feeder and an article conveyor.