Apparatus and methods for treating water and generating electrical power
Apparatuses for generating electrical power and/or treating water desalinating salt water are described, and may include a top manifold comprising one or more inlets, a bottom manifold comprising one or more outlets, a casing connecting the top manifold and the bottom manifold to define an internal space, and at least one electrode set disposed in the internal space. The electrode set may include a silver chloride cathode in fluid communication with a first fluid container including an aqueous solution, such as diluted sodium chloride solution, and a silver anode in fluid communication with a second fluid container including another aqueous solution, e.g., a higher concentration sodium chloride solution. The electrode set also may include a membrane that allows chloride and sodium ions to pass therethrough, and a connector electrically connecting the cathode to the anode to form an electrical circuit.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a top manifold comprising at least one inlet, said at least one inlet is configured to deliver a fluid to be desalinated to said apparatus;
a bottom manifold comprising at least one outlet, said at least one outlet is configured to allow the fluid after desalination to be drained out of said apparatus;
a casing connecting the top manifold and the bottom manifold to define an internal space therebetween; and
at least one electrode set disposed in the internal space, the at least one electrode set comprising:
a silver chloride cathode in fluid communication with a first fluid container comprising a first aqueous solution comprising sodium chloride;
a silver anode in fluid communication with a second fluid container comprising a second aqueous solution comprising sodium chloride;
a membrane disposed between the first fluid container and the second fluid container, the membrane configured to allow sodium and chloride ions to pass therethrough; and
a connector electrically connecting the cathode to the anode to form an electrical circuit.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a controller configured to automatically control fluid flow from the at least one inlet to the at least one outlet.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a controller configured to automatically control a sodium chloride concentration of the first aqueous solution.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second aqueous solution has a sodium chloride concentration ranging from about 0.2 M to about 6.0 M.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the membrane is a semi-permeable, porous membrane.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a filtration system in fluid communication with the at least one inlet.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one electrode set comprises a plurality of electrode sets of a cell, and wherein the casing includes a plurality of cells each independently removable from the casing.
8. A method for generating electrical power and producing desalinated water, comprising:
electrically connecting a cathode comprising silver chloride to an anode comprising silver;
exposing the cathode to a flow of a first aqueous solution comprising sodium chloride, and exposing the anode to a flow of a second aqueous solution comprising sodium chloride, wherein the first aqueous solution has a sodium chloride concentration 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than a sodium chloride concentration of the second aqueous solution to provide a concentration differential of at least 1 order of magnitude, and wherein the cathode is separated from the anode by a semi-permeable membrane configured to allow chloride and sodium ions to pass therethrough; and
automatically controlling the sodium chloride concentration of the first aqueous solution to maintain the concentration differential;
wherein the method generates electrical power; and
wherein the sodium chloride concentration of the second aqueous solution is lower after contacting the anode than the sodium chloride concentration of the second aqueous solution before contacting the anode.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the sodium chloride concentration of the second aqueous solution ranges from about 0.2 M to about 6.0 M before contacting the anode.
10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising continuously delivering the second aqueous solution to the anode.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the sodium chloride concentration of the first aqueous solution ranges from about 0.006 M to about 0.1 M.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the flow of the first aqueous solution recirculates to repeatedly contact the cathode.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein each of the cathode and the anode has a planar, mesh configuration.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the membrane is a porous membrane.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the cathode and the anode form a first electrode set of a plurality of electrode sets, and wherein the plurality of electrode sets are connected in parallel to form a cell.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the cell generates from about 240 mV to about 50 V of power.
17. The method of claim 8 , further comprising electronically controlling the flow of the second aqueous solution.
18. The method of claim 8 , further comprising filtering the second aqueous solution prior to exposure to the anode.
19. An apparatus comprising a plurality of electrode sets disposed in a casing of a module, each electrode set comprising:
a silver chloride cathode in fluid communication with a first fluid container comprising a first aqueous sodium chloride solution;
a silver anode in fluid communication with a second fluid container comprising a second aqueous sodium chloride solution;
a membrane disposed between the first fluid container and the second fluid container, the membrane configured to allow chloride and sodium ions to pass therethrough; and
a connector electrically connecting the silver cathode to the silver chloride anode to form an electrical circuit;
wherein the module comprises a controller configured to automatically maintain a differential in concentration of sodium chloride between the first aqueous sodium chloride solution and the second aqueous sodium chloride solution from 1 to 4 orders of magnitude.