Hand-held controllers with capacitive touch sensors for virtual-reality systems

1. A hand-held controller for a virtual-reality system, the hand-held controller comprising:

a user-input surface;

a grip coupled to the user-input surface;

a cage having a ring shape that is coupled to the user-input surface at first and second points, without the grip being interposed between the cage and the first point, and without the grip being interposed between the cage and the second point, the cage including a plurality of illumination sources on an outer surface of the cage; and

a first user-input key situated on the user-input surface and comprising a first capacitive touch sensor to detect a finger of a user hovering above the first user-input key and contacting the first user-input key.

2. The hand-held controller of claim 1 , wherein the first capacitive touch sensor comprises:

first and second layers, each including a plurality of conductive electrodes arranged in a pattern;

an insulating layer positioned between the first and second layers and electrically insulating the first and second layers from each other; and

a touch controller to measure self-capacitance of each of the plurality of electrodes of the first and second layers to determine a position of the finger.

3. The hand-held controller of claim 2 , wherein the first user-input key comprises a transparent material and the first layer is positioned between the first user-input key and the insulating layer.

4. The hand-held controller of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of conductive electrodes of the first and second layers comprises at least one of copper and indium tin oxide.

5. The hand-held controller of claim 2 , wherein:

the plurality of conductive electrodes of the first layer comprises conductive lines arranged parallel to each other;

the plurality of conductive electrodes of the second layer comprises conductive lines arranged parallel to each other; and

the conductive lines of the first layer are arranged perpendicular to the conductive lines of the second layer.

6. The hand-held controller of claim 1 , wherein the first capacitive touch sensor comprises a self-capacitance array.

7. The hand-held controller of claim 6 , wherein the first capacitive touch sensor further comprises a touch controller to measure self-capacitances of the self-capacitance array to determine positions of the finger.

8. The hand-held controller of claim 6 , wherein the self-capacitance array is a projected self-capacitance array.

9. The hand-held controller of claim 1 , further comprising a second user-input key including a second capacitive touch sensor to detect a finger of a user hovering above the second user-input key and contacting the second user-input key,

wherein the second capacitive touch sensor comprises:

third and fourth layers, each including a plurality of conductive electrodes arranged in a pattern;

an insulating layer positioned between the third and fourth layers and electrically insulating the third and fourth layers from each other; and

a touch controller to measure self-capacitance of each of the plurality of electrodes of the third and fourth layers to determine a position of the finger.

10. The hand-held controller of claim 9 , wherein:

the cage is coupled to the user-input surface;

the hand-held controller further comprises a structural web coupling the cage to the user-input surface; and

the second user-input key is a trigger mounted on at least one of the structural web and the grip at a position configured to be actuated by a touch or hovering above of a middle finger of the user.

11. The hand-held controller of claim 9 , further comprising a power source to supply power to the first capacitive touch sensor and the second capacitive touch sensor.

12. The hand-held controller of claim 1 , further comprising a third capacitive touch sensor situated below the user-input surface to detect the finger of the user hovering above the user-input surface and contacting the user-input surface.

13. The hand-held controller of claim 12 , wherein the third capacitive touch sensor comprises:

fifth and sixth layers, each including a plurality of conductive electrodes arranged in a pattern;

an insulating layer positioned between the fifth and sixth layers and electrically insulating the fifth and sixth layers from each other; and

a touch controller to measure self-capacitance of each of the plurality of electrodes of the fifth and sixth layers to determine a position of the finger.

14. The hand-held controller of claim 12 , wherein the user-input surface comprises a transparent material and the fifth layer is positioned between the user-input surface and the insulating layer.

15. The hand-held controller of claim 12 , further comprising a power source to supply power to the first capacitive touch sensor and the third capacitive touch sensor.

16. The hand-held controller of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of user-input keys including the first user-input key,

wherein each user-input key includes a respective capacitive touch sensor to detect a finger hovering above and touching each respective user-input key.

17. The hand-held controller of claim 16 , wherein:

the plurality of user-input keys is situated on the user-input surface; and

respective user-input keys of the plurality of user-input keys are selected from a group consisting of a thumbstick, a button, a trigger, and a directional pad.

18. The hand-held controller of claim 1 , wherein the first user-input key is selected from the group consisting of a thumbstick, a button, a trigger, and a directional pad.

19. A hand-held controller for a virtual-reality system, the hand-held controller comprising:

a body comprising:

a user-input surface;

a first user-input key situated on the user-input surface and comprising a first capacitive touch sensor to detect a finger of a user hovering above the first user-input key and contacting the first user-input key,

wherein the first capacitive touch sensor comprises:

first and second layers, each including a plurality of conductive electrodes arranged in a pattern; and

an insulating layer positioned between the first and second layers and electrically insulating the first and second layers from each other, and

wherein the plurality of conductive electrodes of each of the first and second layers are arranged parallel to each other, and the plurality of electrodes of the first layer are arranged perpendicular to the plurality of electrodes in the second layer;

a second user-input key situated on the user-input surface and comprising a second capacitive touch sensor to detect a finger of a user hovering above the second user-input key and contacting the second user-input key,

wherein the second capacitive touch sensor comprises:

third and fourth layers, each including a plurality of conductive electrodes arranged in a pattern; and

an insulating layer positioned between the third and fourth layers and electrically insulating the third and fourth layers from each other;

a third capacitive touch sensor situated below the user-input surface to detect a finger of a user hovering above the user-input surface and contacting the user-input surface,

wherein the third capacitive touch sensor comprises:

fifth and sixth layers, each including a plurality of conductive electrodes arranged in a pattern; and

an insulating layer positioned between the fifth and sixth layers and electrically insulating the fifth and sixth layers from each other;

a touch controller configured to measure self-capacitance of each of the plurality of electrodes of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth layers to determine a finger position;

a grip coupled to the user-input surface;

a cage having a ring shape that is coupled to the user-input surface at first and second points, without the grip being interposed between the cage and the first point, and without the grip being interposed between the cage and the second point, the cage including a plurality of illumination sources on an outer surface of the cage;

a structural web coupling the cage to the body; and

a power source configured to supply power to the body and cage.