Triode hollow cathode electron gun for linear particle accelerators
The present invention generally relates to systems and methods for generating controllable beam of electrons using a hollow-cathode triode electron gun that substantially mitigate impact of back-streaming electrons. In one embodiment, a triode hollow-cathode electron gun is configured to provide electrons and substantially mitigates the impact of back-streaming electrons. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun includes a hollow cathode, a heating filament, an anode, a control grid, a shadow grid and a sleeve mechanically coupled to the hollow-cathode. The sleeve is substantially centered on the axis of the triode hollow-cathode electron gun and configured to maintain shape and trajectory of emitted beams of electrons.
1. A triode hollow-cathode electron gun configured to provide electrons and substantially mitigates the impact of back-streaming electrons, the triode hollow-cathode electron gun comprising;
a hollow cathode with a concave surface configured to emit a beam of electrons, wherein the cathode is impregnated with Barium to enhances emission of the beam of electrons by lowering work function of the cathode, and wherein the hollow cathode includes an axially-oriented cylindrical channel configured to accommodate back streaming of the beam of electrons;
a heating filament configured to provide heat to the hollow cathode enabling a thermionic emission process;
an anode configured to attract and focus the beam of electrons emitted from the hollow cathode by maintaining a positive voltage potential relative to the cathode;
a control grid configured to control or modulate and focus the beam of electrons emitted from the hollow cathode, wherein the control grid has a concave profile; and
a protruding sleeve that is substantially centered on the axis of the triode hollow-cathode electron gun and configured to maintain a convergent shape and a trajectory of the emitted beam of electron, wherein the protruding sleeve increasing the laminarity of the beam of electrons by reducing undesirable transverse momentum of the beam of electrons, and wherein the sleeve is further configured to inhibit release of Barium from the cathode thereby increasing cathode life.
2. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the hollow cathode is one of a dispenser cathode with impregnating material, a M-coated cathode and an oxide cathode, and wherein the hollow cathode is configured to enhance emission of the beam of electrons.
3. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the control grid has a concave profile.
4. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the control grid is a hollow grid.
5. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the control grid is a continuous grid.
6. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the sleeve is mechanically coupled to the hollow-cathode.
7. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the sleeve is made of a transition metal including at least one of Zirconium (Zr) and Hafnium (Hf), and wherein the sleeve is configured to chemically react with the cathode impregnating material to inhibit unwanted and uncontrolled emission of electrons.
8. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the sleeve is made of a low vapor pressure material including at least one of Molybdenum, and Tungsten; and wherein the sleeve is coated with, or made from, a transition metal that is configured to chemically react with the impregnating material to inhibit unwanted and uncontrolled emission of electrons.
9. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the sleeve has the shape of a hollow cylinder configured to increase areas impacted by the back-streaming particles electrons and lower power density and heat created by back-streaming electrons.
10. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the sleeve is positioned in a preferred position configured to help focus the electrons emitted from the hollow cathode and thereby enhancing convergence and laminarity of the emitted beam of electrons.
11. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the sleeve is configured to allow the beam of electrons to be cut-off when the hollow control grid voltage is run at a slight negative voltage with respect to the hollow-cathode's voltage.
12. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the sleeve is configured to be at a potential voltage same as the hollow cathode to repel electrons emitted from the cathode and keep the beam of electrons from collapsing and thereby enhancing convergence of the emitted beam of electrons.
13. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 , wherein the triode hollow-cathode electron gun further comprises a shadow grid configured to be aligned with the control grid to keep electrons emitted from the cathode from being intercepted by the control grid.
14. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 further comprising a shadow grid and wherein the shadow grid has a concave profile.
15. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 further comprising a shadow grid and wherein the shadow grid is a hollow grid.
16. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 further comprising a shadow grid and wherein the shadow grid is a continuous grid.
17. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 further comprising a shadow grid and wherein the shadow grid is positioned between the hollow cathode and the control grid and wherein the control grid and the shadow grid have similar grid patterns.
18. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 further comprising a shadow grid and wherein the shadow grid is configured to closely mirror the control grid.
19. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 further comprising a shadow grid and wherein the shadow grid is configured to be substantially centered on the axis of the triode hollow-cathode electron gun and is configured to be at a potential voltage same as the hollow cathode to thereby preventing electrons emitted by the cathode from impacting the control grid and depositing heat onto the control grid.
20. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 further comprising a shadow grid and wherein the sleeve is mechanically coupled to the shadow grid and is extended on both an up-stream side and a down-stream side of the shadow grid.
21. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 further comprising a shadow grid and wherein the sleeve is mechanically coupled to the shadow grid and is extended on the up-stream side of the of the shadow grid.
22. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 further comprising a shadow grid and wherein the sleeve is mechanically coupled to the shadow grid and is extended on the down-stream side of the of the shadow grid.
23. The triode hollow-cathode electron gun of claim 1 wherein the sleeve is configured to provide a path to a heat sink for the back streaming of the beam of electrons.