Electrochromic multi-layer devices with composite current modulating structure
A multi-layer device comprising a first substrate, a first electrically conductive layer and a first current modulating structure on a surface thereof, the first current modulating structure comprising a composite of a resistive material and a patterned insulating material, the first current modulating structure having a cross-layer resistance to the flow of electrical current through the first current modulating structure that varies as a function of position.
1. A multi-layer device comprising a first substrate and a layered stack that is transmissive to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of infrared to ultraviolet on a surface of the first substrate, the layered stack comprising a first electrically conductive layer and a first current modulating structure each covering at least 0.01 m 2 of the surface of the first substrate, the first electrically conductive layer being between the surface of the first substrate and the current modulating structure, the current modulating structure comprising a patterned layer, wherein the first electrically conductive layer has a spatially varying sheet resistance, R s , that varies as a function of position in the first electrically conductive layer, a contour map of the sheet resistance, R s , as a function of position within the first electrically conductive layer contains a set of isoresistance lines and a set of resistance gradient lines normal to the isoresistance lines, and the sheet resistance along a gradient line in the set generally increases, generally decreases, generally increases until it reaches a maximum and then generally decreases, or generally decreases until it reaches a minimum and then generally increases.
2. The multi-layer device of claim 1 wherein the current modulating structure comprises a resistive material and a patterned insulator layer, the resistive material having a resistivity of at least 10 4 but less than 10 10 Ω·cm.
3. The multi-layer device of claim 1 wherein a ratio of the average cross-layer resistance through a first region of the first current modulating structure circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average cross-layer resistance through a second region of the first current modulating structure circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 1.25, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 10% of the surface area of the first current modulating structure.
4. The multi-layer device of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the average sheet resistance in a first region of the first electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average sheet resistance in a second region of the first electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 25% of the surface area of the first electrically conductive layer.
5. The multi-layer device of claim 1 wherein the first substrate is transparent to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of infrared to ultraviolet.
6. The multi-layer device of claim 1 , the multi-layer device further comprising a first electrode layer on a surface of the first current modulating structure, the first current modulating structure being between the first electrode layer and the first electrically conductive layer.
7. The multi-layer device of claim 6 wherein the first electrode layer comprises an electrochromic material.
8. The multi-layer device of claim 6 , the multi-layer device further comprising a second electrically conductive layer, the first electrode layer being transparent to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of infrared to ultraviolet and located between the first and second electrically conductive layers, the second electrically conductive layer having a sheet resistance, R s , to the flow of electrical current through the second electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position in the first electrically conductive layer wherein the ratio of the value of maximum sheet resistance, R max , to the value of minimum sheet resistance, R min , in the second electrically conductive layer is at least 2.
9. The multi-layer device of claim 8 wherein the ratio of the average sheet resistance in a first region of the second electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average sheet resistance in a second region of the second conductive layer circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 25% of the surface area of the second electrically conductive layer.
10. The multi-layer device of claim 8 wherein the second electrically conductive layer has a spatially varying sheet resistance, R s , that varies as a function of position in the second electrically conductive layer, a contour map of the sheet resistance, R s , as a function of position within the second electrically conductive layer contains a set of isoresistance lines and a set of resistance gradient lines normal to the isoresistance lines, and the sheet resistance along a gradient line in the set generally increases, generally decreases, generally increases until it reaches a maximum and then generally decreases, or generally decreases until it reaches a minimum and then generally increases.
11. The multi-layer device of claim 1 wherein the first substrate has an inner surface facing the first electrically conductive layer, the surface area of the inner surface of the first substrate being at least 0.1 meter 2 .
12. An electrochromic device comprising a first substrate, a first electrically conductive layer, a first current modulating structure, a first electrode layer, a second electrically conductive layer and a second substrate, the first substrate, the first electrically conductive layer and the first current modulating structure being transmissive to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of infrared to ultraviolet, the first current modulating structure being a patterned structure having a non-uniform cross-layer resistance and between the first electrically conductive layer and the first electrode layer wherein a ratio of the average cross-layer resistance through a first region of the first current modulating structure circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average cross-layer resistance through a second region of the first current modulating structure circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 1.25, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 10% of the surface area of the first current modulating structure.
13. The electrochromic device of claim 12 , further comprising first and second busbars respectively coupled to the first and second electrically conductive layers wherein (i) the first and second busbars are configured to receive a drive current I DRV to enable a current driven mode for switching the electrochromic device to a target optical state with respect to a minimum optical state and a maximum optical state thereof; (ii) the electrochromic device comprises a total charge capacity having a total charge Q TOT ; (iii) the target optical state is attainable by charging the electrochromic device to a target charge Q TGT via the drive current I DRV , the target charge Q TGT comprises a percentage of the total charge Q TOT corresponding to a percentage of the target optical state relative to the maximum optical state; and (iv) the target optical state is predictably attainable for substantially all of a total optically switchable area of the electrochromic device, and within a target time T TGT , by adjustment of the drive current I DRV such that the product of the target time T TGT and the drive current I DRV substantially equals the target charge Q TGT .
14. The electrochromic device of claim 13 , wherein when the electrocromic device is switched from an initial optical state to the target optical state, an opacity of the total optically switchable area is adjusted substantially uniformly for each locality thereof within the target time T TGT .
15. The electrochromic device of claim 13 , wherein the target optical state comprises one of the maximum optical state, the minimum optical state, or an intermediate optical state between the maximum and minimum optical states of the electrochromic device.
16. The electrochromic device of claim 13 , wherein the optically switchable area of the electrochromic device is transitionable to the target optical state once the drive current I DRV is adjusted to a constant current value corresponding to the target time T TGT .
17. The electrochromic device of claim 12 wherein the first current modulating structure comprises a resistive material.
18. The electrochromic device of claim 12 wherein the first current modulating structure comprises an insulating material.
19. The electrochromic device of claim 12 wherein the first current modulating structure comprises a resistive material and a patterned insulating material.
20. The electrochromic device of claim 12 wherein (i) the ratio of the average sheet resistance in a first region of the first electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average sheet resistance in a second region of the first electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions of the first electrically conductive layer each comprising at least 25% of the surface area of the first electrically conductive layer and (ii) the ratio of the average sheet resistance in a first region of the second electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average sheet resistance in a second region of the second electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions of the second electrically conductive layer each comprising at least 25% of the surface area of the second electrically conductive layer.
21. The electrochromic device of claim 12 wherein the first electrically conductive layer has a spatially varying sheet resistance, R s , that varies as a function of position in the first electrically conductive layer, a contour map of the sheet resistance, R s , as a function of position within the first electrically conductive layer contains a set of isoresistance lines and a set of resistance gradient lines normal to the isoresistance lines, and the sheet resistance along a gradient line in the set generally increases, generally decreases, generally increases until it reaches a maximum and then generally decreases, or generally decreases until it reaches a minimum and then generally increases.
22. The electrochromic device of claim 21 wherein the second electrically conductive layer has a spatially varying sheet resistance, R s , that varies as a function of position in the second electrically conductive layer, a contour map of the sheet resistance, R s , as a function of position within the second electrically conductive layer contains a set of isoresistance lines and a set of resistance gradient lines normal to the isoresistance lines, and the sheet resistance along a gradient line in the set generally increases, generally decreases, generally increases until it reaches a maximum and then generally decreases, or generally decreases until it reaches a minimum and then generally increases.
23. The electrochromic device of claim 12 wherein the second substrate and the second electrically conductive layer are transparent to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of infrared to ultraviolet.
24. The electrochromic device of claim 12 wherein the electrochromic device comprises, in succession, the first substrate, the first electrically conductive layer, the first current modulating structure, the first electrode layer, an ion conducting layer, a second electrode layer, the second electrically conductive layer and the second substrate.
25. The electrochromic device of claim 12 wherein the electrochromic device comprises, in succession, the first substrate, the first electrically conductive layer, the first current modulating structure, the first electrode layer, the second electrically conductive layer and the second substrate.
26. The electrochromic device of claim 12 wherein the electrochromic device comprises, in succession, the first substrate, the first electrically conductive layer, the first current modulating structure, the first electrode layer, an ion conducting layer, a second electrode layer, a second current modulating structure, the second electrically conductive layer and the second substrate.
27. A process for the preparation of a multi-layer device comprising forming a multi-layer layer structure comprising an electrochromic layer between and in electrical contact with a first and a second electrically conductive layer, and a first current modulating structure between the first electrically conductive layer and the electrochromic layer, the first electrically conductive layer and the first current modulating structure being transmissive to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of infrared to ultraviolet, the first current modulating structure being a patterned structure having a non-uniform cross-layer resistance and between the first electrically conductive layer and the electrochromic layer wherein a ratio of the average cross-layer resistance through a first region of the first current modulating structure circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average cross-layer resistance through a second region of the first current modulating structure circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 1.25, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 10% of the surface area of the first current modulating structure.
28. The process of claim 27 , the first electrically conductive layer having a spatially varying sheet resistance, R s , to the flow of electrical current through the first and/or the second electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position in the first and/or the second electrically conductive layer, respectively, wherein the ratio of the average sheet resistance in a first region of the first electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average sheet resistance in a second region of the first electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 25% of the surface area of the first electrically conductive layer.
29. The process of claim 27 wherein the first electrically conductive layer has a spatially varying sheet resistance, R s , that varies as a function of position in the first electrically conductive layer, a contour map of the sheet resistance, R s , as a function of position within the first electrically conductive layer contains a set of isoresistance lines and a set of resistance gradient lines normal to the isoresistance lines, and the sheet resistance along a gradient line in the set generally increases, generally decreases, generally increases until it reaches a maximum and then generally decreases, or generally decreases until it reaches a minimum and then generally increases.