Membrane assembly for supporting a biofilm
A cord for supporting a biofilm has a plurality of yarns. At least one of the yarns comprises a plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes. At least one of the yarns extends along the length of the cord generally in the shape of a spiral. Optionally, one or more of the yarns may comprise one or more reinforcing filaments. In some examples, a reinforcing yarn is wrapped around a core. A module may be made by potting a plurality of the cords in at least one header. A reactor may be made and operated by placing the module in a tank fed with water to be treated and supplying a gas to the module. In use, a biofilm covers the cords to form a membrane biofilm assembly.
1. A cord, comprising:
a plurality of yarns,
wherein the plurality of yarns are configured to provide a core extending along the length of the cord generally parallel with a longitudinal axis of the cord, and two wraps spiraling around the core, the core comprising a multifilament reinforcing yarn and a multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn comprising a plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes, the multifilament reinforcing yarn and the multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn being parallel with the core, the two wraps, one in each direction, each comprising another multifilament reinforcing yarn,
wherein the multifilament reinforcing yarn of the core is an untwisted multifilament reinforcing yarn, and the multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn of the core is an untwisted multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn.
2. The cord of claim 1 , wherein the core further comprises a reinforcing yarn wrapped in a clockwise spiral around the multifilament reinforcing yarn being parallel with the core and a reinforcing yarn wrapped in a counter-clockwise spiral around the multifilament reinforcing yarn being parallel with the core.
3. The cord of claim 1 , wherein the cord has an outside diameter of between 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm.
4. The cord of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes have outside diameters of 200 microns or less.
5. The cord of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes comprise a nonporous or semiporous layer or region.
6. The cord of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes have a wall thickness of 50 microns or less.
7. The cord of claim 1 , wherein the sum of the circumferences of the plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes is at least 1.5 times the circumference of a circle having the outside diameter of the cord.
8. The cord of claim 1 further comprising a biofilm around the plurality of yarns.
9. The cord of claim 1 wherein the multifilament reinforcing yarn being parallel with the core has an about uniform cross-sectional area along the length of the core.
10. The cord of claim 1 , wherein the multifilament reinforcing yarn of the wraps is an untwisted multifilament reinforcing yarn, and wherein the filaments of the multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn are in contact with adjacent filaments of the multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn.
11. A cord, comprising:
a plurality of yarns,
wherein the plurality of yarns are configured to provide a core extending along the length of the cord generally parallel with a longitudinal axis of the cord and at least one spiral yarn wrapped around the core, the core comprising a set of multifilament reinforcing yarns braided together and an untwisted multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn comprising a plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes as a warp parallel to the multifilament reinforcing yarns, the untwisted multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn being parallel with the core but not braided with the multifilament reinforcing yarns, the spiral yarn wrapped around the core comprising an untwisted multifilament reinforcing yarn.
12. A cord, comprising:
a plurality of yarns,
wherein the plurality of yarns are configured to provide a core extending along the length of the cord generally parallel with a longitudinal axis of the cord, and two wraps spiraling around the core, the core comprising a multifilament reinforcing yarn and a multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn comprising a plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes, the multifilament reinforcing yarn and the multifilament gas transfer membrane yarn being parallel with the core, the two wraps, one in each direction, each comprising an untwisted multifilament reinforcing yarn.