Secondary battery-use active material, secondary battery-use electrode, secondary battery, battery pack, electric vehicle, electric power storage system, electric power tool, and electronic apparatus

1. A secondary battery comprising:

a cathode including an active material;

an anode; and

an electrolytic solution, wherein

the active material includes a plurality of active material particles as primary particles and a carbon material,

the active material particles contain a polyanion-based compound represented by the following formula (1),

the carbon material contains a first carbon material and a second carbon material, the first carbon material being present on surfaces of the active material particles, and the second carbon material being present between the active material particles provided with the first carbon material,

a ratio B/A satisfies 7<B/A<11.5, where A is a total carbon amount of the active material measured by a total organic carbon analysis method (TOC), and B is a surface carbon amount of the active material measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and

a ratio D/C satisfies 1.5<D/C≦2, where C is a specific surface area of the active material measured by a BET single-point method, and D is an oil feed amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with respect to the active material measured by an oil feed amount measurement method (JIS K5101-13-1),

Li a M b XO c Y d   (1)

where M is one or more of transition metal elements, X is one or more of phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), and Y is one or more of halogen elements, and a to d satisfy 0<a≦2, 0<b≦1, 0<c≦4, and 0≦d≦1.

2. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein

the M is one or more of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni),

the X is one or both of silicon (Si) and phosphorus (P), and

the Y is one or more of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I).

3. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the X is P.

4. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the polyanion-based compound is represented by the following formula (2),

LiMn e Z 1-e PO 4   (2)

where Z is one or more of Fe, Co, and Ni, and e satisfies 0<e≦1.

5. The secondary battery according to claim 4 , wherein the Z is Fe.

6. The secondary battery according to claim 5 , wherein the e satisfies 0.5≦e≦0.9.

7. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein an upper limit of a charging voltage is from 3.9 V to 4.4 V both inclusive.

8. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the secondary battery is a lithium secondary battery.

9. A secondary battery-use electrode comprising an active material, wherein

the active material includes a plurality of active material particles as primary particles and a carbon material,

the active material particles contain a polyanion-based compound represented by the following formula (1),

the carbon material contains a first carbon material and a second carbon material, the first carbon material being present on surfaces of the active material particles, and the second carbon material being present between the active material particles provided with the first carbon material,

a ratio B/A satisfies 7<B/A<11.5, where A is a total carbon amount of the active material measured by a total organic carbon analysis method (TOC), and B is a surface carbon amount of the active material measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and

a ratio D/C satisfies 1.5<D/C≦2, where C is a specific surface area of the active material measured by a BET single-point method, and D is an oil feed amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with respect to the active material measured by an oil feed amount measurement method (JIS K5101-13-1),

Li a M b CO c Y d   (1)

where M is one or more of transition metal elements, X is one or more of phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), and Y is one or more of halogen elements, and a to d satisfy 0<a≦2, 0<b≦1, 0<c≦4, and 0≦d≦1.

10. A secondary battery-use active material comprising:

a plurality of active material particles as primary particles; and

a carbon material,

wherein the active material particles contain a polyanion-based compound represented by the following formula (1),

the carbon material contains a first carbon material and a second carbon material, the first carbon material being present on surfaces of the active material particles, and the second carbon material being present between the active material particles provided with the first carbon material,

a ratio B/A satisfies 7<B/A<11.5, where A is a total carbon amount of the active material measured by a total organic carbon analysis method (TOC), and B is a surface carbon amount of the active material measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and

a ratio D/C satisfies 1.5<D/C≦2, where C is a specific surface area of the active material measured by a BET single-point method, and D is an oil feed amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with respect to the active material measured by an oil feed amount measurement method (JIS K5101-13-1),

Li a M b XO c Y d   (1)

where M is one or more of transition metal elements, X is one or more of phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), and Y is one or more of halogen elements, and a to d satisfy 0<a≦2, 0<b≦1, 0<c≦4, and 0≦d≦1.

11. A battery pack comprising:

a secondary battery;

a control section configured to control a usage state of the secondary battery; and

a switch section configured to switch the usage state of the secondary battery according to an instruction of the control section, wherein

the secondary battery includes a cathode including an active material, an anode, and an electrolytic solution,

the active material includes a plurality of active material particles as primary particles and a carbon material,

the active material particles contain a polyanion-based compound represented by the following formula (1),

the carbon material contains a first carbon material and a second carbon material, the first carbon material being present on surfaces of the active material particles, and the second carbon material being present between the active material particles provided with the first carbon material,

a ratio B/A satisfies 7<B/A<11.5, where A is a total carbon amount of the active material measured by a total organic carbon analysis method (TOC), and B is a surface carbon amount of the active material measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and

a ratio D/C satisfies 1.5<D/C≦2, where C is a specific surface area of the active material measured by a BET single-point method, and D is an oil feed amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with respect to the active material measured by an oil feed amount measurement method (JIS K5101-13-1),

Li a M b XO c Y d   (1)

where M is one or more of transition metal elements, X is one or more of phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), and Y is one or more of halogen elements, and a to d satisfy 0<a≦2, 0<b≦1, 0<c≦4, and 0≦d≦1.

12. An electric vehicle comprising:

a secondary battery;

a conversion section configured to convert electric power supplied from the secondary battery into drive power;

a drive section configured to operate according to the drive power; and

a control section configured to control an usage state of the secondary battery, wherein

the secondary battery includes a cathode including an active material, an anode, and an electrolytic solution,

the active material includes a plurality of active material particles as primary particles and a carbon material,

the active material particles contain a polyanion-based compound represented by the following formula (1),

the carbon material contains a first carbon material and a second carbon material, the first carbon material being present on surfaces of the active material particles, and the second carbon material being present between the active material particles provided with the first carbon material,

a ratio B/A satisfies 7<B/A<11.5, where A is a total carbon amount of the active material measured by a total organic carbon analysis method (TOC), and B is a surface carbon amount of the active material measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and

a ratio D/C satisfies 1.5<D/C≦2, where C is a specific surface area of the active material measured by a BET single-point method, and D is an oil feed amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with respect to the active material measured by an oil feed amount measurement method (JIS K5101-13-1),

Li a M b XO c Y d   (1)

where M is one or more of transition metal elements, X is one or more of phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), and Y is one or more of halogen elements, and a to d satisfy 0<a≦2, 0<b≦1, 0<c≦4, and 0≦d≦1.

13. An electric power storage system comprising:

a secondary battery;

one or more electric devices configured to be supplied with electric power from the secondary battery; and

a control section configured to control the supplying of the electric power from the secondary battery to the one or more electric devices, wherein

the secondary battery includes a cathode including an active material, an anode, and an electrolytic solution,

the active material includes a plurality of active material particles as primary particles and a carbon material,

the active material particles contain a polyanion-based compound represented by the following formula (1),

the carbon material contains a first carbon material and a second carbon material, the first carbon material being present on surfaces of the active material particles, and the second carbon material being present between the active material particles provided with the first carbon material,

a ratio B/A satisfies 7<B/A<11.5, where A is a total carbon amount of the active material measured by a total organic carbon analysis method (TOC), and B is a surface carbon amount of the active material measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and

a ratio D/C satisfies 1.5<D/C≦2, where C is a specific surface area of the active material measured by a BET single-point method, and D is an oil feed amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with respect to the active material measured by an oil feed amount measurement method (JIS K5101-13-1),

Li a M b XO c Y d   (1)

where M is one or more of transition metal elements, X is one or more of phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), and Y is one or more of halogen elements, and a to d satisfy 0<a≦2, 0<b≦1, 0<c≦4, and 0≦d≦1.

14. An electric power tool comprising:

a secondary battery; and

a movable section configured to be supplied with electric power from the secondary battery, wherein

the secondary battery includes a cathode including an active material, an anode, and an electrolytic solution,

the active material includes a plurality of active material particles as primary particles and a carbon material,

the active material particles contain a polyanion-based compound represented by the following formula (1),

the carbon material contains a first carbon material and a second carbon material, the first carbon material being present on surfaces of the active material particles, and the second carbon material being present between the active material particles provided with the first carbon material,

a ratio B/A satisfies 7<B/A<11.5, where A is a total carbon amount of the active material measured by a total organic carbon analysis method (TOC), and B is a surface carbon amount of the active material measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and

a ratio D/C satisfies 1.5<D/C≦2, where C is a specific surface area of the active material measured by a BET single-point method, and D is an oil feed amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with respect to the active material measured by an oil feed amount measurement method (JIS K5101-13-1),

Li a M b XO c Y d   (1)

where M is one or more of transition metal elements, X is one or more of phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), and Y is one or more of halogen elements, and a to d satisfy 0<a≦2, 0<b≦1, 0<c≦4, and 0≦d≦1.

15. An electronic apparatus comprising an secondary battery as an electric power supply source, wherein

the secondary battery includes a cathode including an active material, an anode, and an electrolytic solution,

the active material includes a plurality of active material particles as primary particles and a carbon material,

the active material particles contain a polyanion-based compound represented by the following formula (1),

the carbon material contains a first carbon material and a second carbon material, the first carbon material being present on surfaces of the active material particles, and the second carbon material being present between the active material particles provided with the first carbon material,

a ratio B/A satisfies 7<B/A<11.5, where A is a total carbon amount of the active material measured by a total organic carbon analysis method (TOC), and B is a surface carbon amount of the active material measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and

a ratio D/C satisfies 1.5<D/C≦2, where C is a specific surface area of the active material measured by a BET single-point method, and D is an oil feed amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with respect to the active material measured by an oil feed amount measurement method (JIS K5101-13-1),

Li a M b XO c Y d   (1)

where M is one or more of transition metal elements, X is one or more of phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), and Y is one or more of halogen elements, and a to d satisfy 0<a≦2, 0<b≦1, 0<c≦4, and 0≦d≦1.