Optical pressure sensor assembly
Optical pressure sensor assemblies that can be used with existing catheters and imaging systems. Pressure sensors may be compatible with atherectomy and occlusion-crossing catheters, where intravascular pressure measurements at various vessel locations are needed to determine treatment efficacy. The pressure sensors may employ an optical pressure measurement mechanism using optical interferometry, and may be integrated with existing imaging modalities such as OCT. The pressure sensor assemblies may include a movable membrane that deflects in response to intravascular pressure; an optical fiber that transmits light to the movable membrane and receives light reflected or scattered back from the movable membrane into the fiber; and a processor or controller configured to determine the distance traveled by the light received in the fiber from the movable membrane, where the distance traveled is proportional to the intravascular pressure exerted against the membrane.
1. An imaging and optical pressure sensor assembly, comprising:
an optical fiber configured for optical communication with a light source;
a housing comprising a lumen through which the optical fiber extends; and
an elastic membrane positioned across an opening in a sidewall of the housing and attached to the housing at both sides of the opening, the elastic membrane configured to be movable relative to the housing in response to a pressure outside of the housing, the elastic membrane further configured to reflect or scatter light from the optical fiber;
wherein a distal end of the optical fiber is configured to transmit light from the light source to the elastic membrane and to receive the light reflected or scattered by the elastic membrane and wherein the optical fiber is configured to rotate and the distal end of the optical fiber is configured to transmit light from the light source through the opening to tissue and to receive light reflected or scattered by the tissue as the optical fiber rotates;
an interface medium at the distal end of the optical fiber, the interface medium configured to produce a reference reflection when the light is transmitted from the light source through the optical fiber to the elastic membrane or the tissue; and
a controller configured to:
determine the pressure outside of the housing based upon the light reflected or scattered by the elastic membrane and the reference reflection; and
generate an image of the tissue based upon the light reflected or scatted by the tissue and the reference reflection.
2. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the optical fiber is moveable relative to the housing.
3. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the elastic membrane is adapted to deflect toward the optical fiber under positive pressure.
4. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the elastic membrane comprises a convex surface facing the optical fiber when the elastic membrane is deflected under positive pressure.
5. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the elastic membrane is configured to cover the opening.
6. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the elastic membrane is made from fluorinated ethylene propylene.
7. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the elastic membrane comprises a first surface facing the optical fiber and a second surface configured to face an intravascular lumen, the distance between the first surface and the optical fiber decreasing when positive pressure is applied to the second surface of the elastic membrane.
8. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the elastic membrane is adapted to move toward a central longitudinal axis of the housing under positive pressure.
9. The assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a memory storage device storing pressure sensor calibration data.
10. The assembly of claim 9 , wherein the calibration data comprises a pressure to deflection relationship for the elastic membrane.
11. The assembly of claim 1 , further comprising an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) storing pressure sensor calibration data for the assembly.
12. The assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a mirror aligned with the opening to reflect light exiting the optical fiber toward the elastic membrane.
13. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the interface medium has a first refractive index different from a second refractive index of the optical fiber, wherein the differing refractive indices creates the reference reflection.
14. The assembly of claim 13 , wherein the interface medium is an adhesive.
15. The assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a lens configured to transmit collimated light into a proximal end of the optical fiber.
16. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the assembly is dimensioned for insertion through an intravascular catheter lumen.
17. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the optical fiber is axially slidable relative to the housing.
18. A method of imaging and determining pressure in a blood vessel comprising:
transmitting light from a light source through an optical fiber in a housing through an interface medium to a surface of an elastic membrane, wherein the elastic membrane is attached to the housing and positioned across an opening in a sidewall of the housing, the elastic membrane moveable in response to pressure exerted against the elastic membrane;
transmitting reflected or scattered light from the elastic membrane and the interface medium back through the optical fiber;
generating an intravascular pressure measurement based upon the light transmitted backthrough the optical fiber from the elastic membrane and the interface medium;
rotating the optical fiber;
transmitting light from the light source through the optical fiber to tissue of the blood vessel through the interface medium and the opening as the optical fiber rotates;
transmitting reflected or scattered light from the tissue and the interface medium backth rough the optical fiber as the optical fiber rotates; and
generating optical coherence tomography images of the blood vessel I based upon the light transmitted back through the optical fiber from the tissue and the interface medium.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the generating an intravascular pressure measurement step comprises computing the intravascular pressure measurement based on a membrane deflection distance between a surface of the elastic membrane and the optical fiber.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the membrane deflection distance is indicated by an intensity value and a depth value for the light transmitted back through the optical fiber from the elastic membrane.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the generating an intravascular pressure measurement step comprises transmitting data from a detector to a processor, wherein the data represents an interference signal resulting from the interaction of the light transmitted back through the optical fiber from the interface medium and the light transmitted back through the optical fiber from the elastic membrane the processor computing the intravascular pressure based on the interference signal.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the generating an intravascular pressure measurement step comprises computing a path length from the optical fiber and the deflected surface of the membrane, the computation based on a difference in phase, time or frequency between the light transmitted back through the optical fiber from the interface medium and the light transmitted back through the optical fiber from the elastic membrane.
23. The method of claim 18 further comprising calculating a fractional flow reserve for the blood vessel.
24. The method of claim 18 further comprising calculating a first pressure at a first location and a second pressure at a second location.