Graphene nanoribbons as semiconductors for organic thin film transistors
Disclosed herein are graphene nanoribbons, controllable and reproducible methods of synthesizing graphene nanoribbons, and uses thereof. Transistors containing graphene nanoribbons are also disclosed.
1. A method for synthesizing a graphene nanoribbon, the method comprising:
coupling a first aryl monomer and a second aryl monomer to provide a linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate;
endcapping the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate;
coupling the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate with a mono-substituted acetylene compound to provide a linearly conjugated aryl compound having a formula (I):
wherein n is an integer of 1 to 100,000;
R 1 to R 4 are independently selected from H
R 5 to R 7 are independently selected from H, alkyl, aryl, and trimethylsilyl;
performing polycyclization of the linearly conjugated aryl compound to provide a graphene nanoribbon precursor, wherein performing polycyclization of the linearly conjugated aryl compound to provide a graphene nanoribbon precursor comprises heating to a temperature of about 20° C. to about 150° C. for about 1 to about 36 hours; and
performing cyclodehydrogenation of the graphene nanoribbon precursor to provide the graphene nanoribbon.
2. A method for synthesizing a graphene nanoribbon, the method comprising:
coupling a first aryl monomer and a second aryl monomer to provide a linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate;
coupling the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate with a mono-substituted acetylene compound to provide a linearly conjugated aryl compound having a formula (I):
wherein n is an integer of 1 to 100,000;
R 1 to R 4 are independently selected from H and
R 5 to R 7 are independently selected from H, alkyl, aryl, and trimethylsilyl;
performing polycyclization of the linearly conjugated aryl compound to provide a graphene nanoribbon precursor; and
performing cyclodehydrogenation of the graphene nanoribbon precursor to provide the graphene nanoribbon.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first aryl monomer has a formula (II):
wherein R 1 to R 6 are independently selected from hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, lithium, trifluoromethanesulfonate, mesylate, tosylate, bismuth, a boronic acid, a boronic ester, a boronate ester, an organoborane, an organotrifluoroborate, a magnesium halide, a stannane, a silicon trihalide, an organosilane, an acetyloxy, and a zinc halide; and
wherein the second aryl monomer has a formula (III):
wherein R 7 to R 12 are independently selected from hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, lithium, trifluoromethanesulfonate, mesylate, tosylate, bismuth, a boronic acid, a boronic ester, a boronate ester, an organoborane, an organotrifluoroborate, a magnesium halide, a stannane, a silicon trihalide, an organosilane, an acetyloxy, and a zinc halide.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first aryl monomer has a formula (V):
wherein R 1 to R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, lithium, trifluoromethanesulfonate, mesylate, tosylate, bismuth, a boronic acid, a boronic ester, a boronate ester, an organoborane, an organotrifluoroborate, a magnesium halide, a stannane, a silicon trihalide, an organosilane, an acetyloxy, and a zinc halide; and
wherein the second aryl monomer has a formula (VI):
wherein R 7 to R 11 are independently selected from hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, lithium, trifluoromethanesulfonate, mesylate, tosylate, bismuth, a boronic acid, a boronic ester, a boronate ester, an organoborane, an organotrifluoroborate, a magnesium halide, a stannane, a silicon trihalide, an organosilane, an acetyloxy, and a zinc halide.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first aryl monomer is a dihalophenyl diboronate compound and the second aryl monomer is a dihalodiodobenzene compound.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein coupling a first aryl monomer and a second aryl monomer to provide a linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate comprises contacting the first aryl monomer with the second aryl monomer in a molar ratio of about 2:1 to about 1:2.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein coupling a first aryl monomer and a second aryl monomer to provide a linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate further comprises adding a catalyst.
8. The method of claim 2 , wherein coupling a first aryl monomer and a second aryl monomer to provide a linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate further comprises adding a solvent, an aqueous base, or a combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein coupling a first aryl monomer and a second aryl monomer to provide a linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate further comprises heating to a temperature of about 20° C. to about 120° C. for a period of about 1 hour to about 36 hours.
10. The method of claim 2 , further comprising coupling the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate with a mono-substituted acetylene compound to form the linearly conjugated aryl compound, wherein the mono-substituted acetylene compound has a formula (IV):
wherein R 12 is selected from hydrogen, aryl, polycyclic aryl, alkyl, copper, zinc, magnesium, tin, boron, silicon, indium, aluminum, lithium, sodium, zinc chloride, mercury chloride, manganese (II) chloride, magnesium bromide, tributyl boron lithium, tributyl aluminum lithium, dibutyl aluminum, trimethyl silicon, tributyl tin, or bis(cyclopentadienyl)dimethyl zirconium; and
R 13 is selected from hydrogen, trimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, alkyl, phenyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyridyl, or poly (m-phenylene) comprising about 2 to about 20 m-phenylene units.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein R 13 is hydrogen and R 14 is trimethylsilyl.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein coupling the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate with a mono-substituted acetylene compound to form the linearly conjugated aryl compound further comprises contacting the linearly conjugated aryl compound with a fluoride source.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising adding a solvent.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein endcapping the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate occurs prior to the polycyclization of the linearly conjugated aryl compound to provide a graphene nanoribbon precursor.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein endcapping the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate comprises coupling the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate with an aryl monomer of formula (VI):
wherein R 14 is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, lithium, trifluoromethanesulfonate, mesylate, or tosylate; and
wherein R 15 is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, lithium, trifluoromethanesulfonate, mesylate, tosylate, bismuth, a boronic acid, a boronic ester, a boronate ester, an organoborane, an organotrifluoroborate, a magnesium halide, a stannane, a silicon trihalide, an organosilane, an acetyloxy, or a zinc halide.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the unsubstituted ring carbons on the aryl monomer of formula VI, are independently substituted with groups selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 20 )hydroxyalkyl, (C 1 -C 20 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 20 )alkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, (C 1 -C 20 )haloalkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, or an oxo.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein endcapping the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate comprises coupling the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate with a 2-bromophenyl boronate, a 2-chlorophenyl boronate, 2-bromo-1-iodobenzene, 2-chloro-1-iodobenzene, or a combination thereof.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein endcapping the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate comprises adding a palladium catalyst, a copper salt, an aqueous base, or a combination thereof.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein endcapping the linearly conjugated aryl compound intermediate comprises heating to a temperature of about 20° C. to about 150° C. for about 1 to about 36 hours.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein polycyclization of the linearly conjugated aryl compound to provide a graphene nanoribbon precursor comprises contacting the linearly conjugated aryl compound with a catalyst.
21. The method of claim 20 , further comprising adding a solvent.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein performing the cyclodehydrogenation of the graphene nanoribbon precursor to provide the graphene nanoribbon comprises performing oxidative cyclodehydrogenation of the graphene nanoribbon precursor.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein performing the cyclodehydrogenation of the graphene nanoribbon precursor to provide the graphene nanoribbon comprises contacting the graphene nanoribbon precursor with iron (III) chloride.
24. The method of claim 23 , further comprising adding at least one first solvent.