Photovoltaic devices with electroplated metal grids
One embodiment of the present invention provides a solar cell. The solar cell includes a photovoltaic structure and a front-side metal grid situated above the photovoltaic structure. The front-side metal grid also includes one or more electroplated metal layers. The front-side metal grid includes one or more finger lines, and each end of a respective finger line is coupled to a corresponding end of an adjacent finger line via an additional metal line, thus ensuring that the respective finger line has no open end.
1. A solar cell, comprising:
a photovoltaic structure; and
a first electrode positioned on a first side of the photovoltaic structure,
wherein the first electrode comprises one or more finger lines,
wherein an end of a respective finger line is coupled to a corresponding end of an adjacent finger line via a connecting metal line, and
wherein a portion of the respective finger line that is in the vicinity of the coupled end is wider than a center portion of the respective finger line.
2. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the connecting metal line is located near an edge of the solar cell and is wider than the center portion of the respective finger line.
3. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein an intersection between the connecting metal line and the respective finger line is rounded or chamfered.
4. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode further comprises a metal adhesive layer in direct contact with the photovoltaic structure, wherein the metal adhesive layer comprises at least one of: Cu, Al, Co, W, Cr, Mo, Ni, Ti, Ta, titanium nitride (TiN x ), titanium tungsten (TiW x ), titanium silicide (TiSi x ), titanium silicon nitride (TiSiN), tantalum nitride (TaN x ), tantalum silicon nitride (TaSiN x ), nickel vanadium (NiV), tungsten nitride (WN x ), or their combinations.
5. The solar cell of claim 4 , wherein the photovoltaic structure comprises a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer, and wherein the metal adhesive layer is in direct contact with the TCO layer.
6. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode comprises at least one of:
a Cu layer;
an Ag layer; or
a Sn layer.
7. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode further comprises a metal seed layer in direct contact with the photovoltaic structure.
8. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the respective finger line that is in the vicinity of the coupled end is at least 20% wider than the center portion of the respective finger line.
9. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein a width of the widened portion of the respective finger line is 0.2 mm or less.
10. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein a length of the widened portion of the respective finger line is between 1 and 30 mm.
11. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein an interface between the center portion and the widened portion of the respective finger line is tapered.
12. The solar cell of claim 1 , further comprising a second electrode positioned on a second side of the photovoltaic structure,
wherein the second electrode comprises one or more finger lines,
wherein an end of a respective finger line of the second electrode is coupled to a corresponding end of an adjacent finger line of the second electrode via a second connecting metal line, and
wherein a portion of the respective finger line of the second electrode that is in the vicinity of the coupled end is wider than a center portion thereof.