Oligosaccharide compositions and methods for producing thereof

1. A method for producing an oligosaccharide composition, comprising:

a) combining one or more C5 monosaccharides and/or one or more C6 monosaccharides with a catalyst to produce a first product mixture, wherein the first product mixture comprises a first oligosaccharide composition and residual catalyst;

b) isolating at least a portion of the residual catalyst from the product mixture; and

c) combining one or more additional sugars with the isolated residual catalyst to produce an additional product mixture,

wherein the additional product mixture comprises an additional oligosaccharide composition;

wherein the catalytic activity of the isolated residual catalyst in the production of the additional oligosaccharide composition is at least 30% of the catalytic activity of the catalyst in the production of the first oligosaccharide composition; and

wherein each of the first oligosaccharide composition and the additional oligosaccharide composition is independently an oligosaccharide composition comprising monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds;

wherein:

the monosaccharide monomers are C5 monosaccharides or C6 monosaccharides;

at least 15% of the oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization (DP) of at least four monosaccharide monomers;

the mean DP of the oligosaccharide composition is 5-10 monosaccharide monomers; and

at least a portion of the glycosidic bonds in the oligosaccharide composition comprises β-1,2 bonds and α-1,3 bonds.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molar selectivity for the first oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or

the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least a portion of the catalyst is isolated from the first product mixture by filtration or phase separation, or a combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selectivity for the additional oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 10% of the first oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 10% of the additional oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more C5 monosaccharides and/or one or more C6 monosaccharides are independently selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fructose, mannose, ribose, allose, fucose, and rhamnose.

9. A method for producing an oligosaccharide composition, comprising:

combining one or more C5 monosaccharides and/or one or more C6 monosaccharides with a catalyst to produce the oligosaccharide composition,

wherein the molar selectivity for the oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%; and

wherein:

the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or

the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support;

wherein the oligosaccharide composition comprises monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds;

wherein:

the monosaccharide monomers are C5 monosaccharides or C6 monosaccharides;

at least 15% of the oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization (DP) of at least four monosaccharide monomers;

the mean DP of the oligosaccharide composition is 5-10 monosaccharide monomers; and

at least a portion of the glycosidic bonds in the oligosaccharide composition comprises β-1,2 bonds and α-1,3 bonds.

10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising combining the oligosaccharide composition with one or more functionalizing compounds to produce a functionalized oligosaccharide composition,

wherein the one or more functionalizing compounds is independently selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfates and phosphates.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein at least 10% of the oligosaccharide composition has a number average molecular weight between 230 to 10,000 g/mol.

12. A method of producing a functionalized oligosaccharide composition, comprising:

combining one or more C5 monosaccharides and/or one or more C6 monosaccharides with a catalyst and one or more functionalizing compounds to produce the functionalized oligosaccharide composition;

wherein the one or more functionalizing compounds is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfates and phosphates; and

wherein the functionalized oligosaccharide composition comprises monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds;

wherein:

the monosaccharide monomers are C5 monosaccharides or C6 monosaccharides, wherein the monosaccharide monomers are connected by glycosidic bonds to form oligomer backbones, and wherein the oligomer backbones are substituted with one or more pendant functional groups, wherein the pendant functional groups are carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfate, or phosphate;

at least 15% of the oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization (DP) of at least four monosaccharide monomers;

the mean DP of the oligosaccharide composition is 5-10 monosaccharide monomers; and

at least a portion of the glycosidic bonds in the oligosaccharide composition comprises β-1,2 bonds and α-1,3 bonds.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the molar selectivity for the functionalized oligosaccharide composition is at least 85%.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the one or more functionalizing compounds are independently selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, galactosamine, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glucuronic acid, butyric acid, itaconic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, adipic acid, isobutyric acid, formic acid, levulinic acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, sorbitol, xylitol, arabitol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, galacitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lacitol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, sulfate and phosphate.

15. An oligosaccharide composition, comprising:

monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds;

wherein:

the monosaccharide monomers are C5 monosaccharides or C6 monosaccharides;

at least 15% of the oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization (DP) of at least four monosaccharide monomers;

the mean DP of the oligosaccharide composition is 5-10 monosaccharide monomers; and

at least a portion of the glycosidic bonds in the oligosaccharide composition comprises β-1,2 bonds and α-1,3 bonds.

16. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the monosaccharide monomers are glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fructose, mannose, ribose, allose, fucose, or rhamnose.

17. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the monosaccharide monomers are connected by glycosidic bonds to form oligomer backbones, and wherein the oligomer backbones are optionally substituted with one or more pendant functional groups, wherein the pendant functional groups are carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfate, or phosphate.

18. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the monosaccharide monomers are connected by glycosidic bonds to form oligomer backbones, and wherein at least a portion of the oligosaccharide composition further comprises one or more bridging functional groups, wherein:

each bridging functional group connects one of the oligomer backbones to an additional monosaccharide monomer, a disaccharide, or an additional oligomer backbone; and

the one or more bridging functional groups are polyols, polycarboxylic acids, or amino acids.

19. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18 , wherein each additional oligomer backbone is optionally substituted with one or more pendant functional groups, wherein the pendant functional groups are carboxylic acids, sugar alcohols, amino acids, amino sugars, alcohols, sulfate, or phosphate.

20. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 17 , wherein the one or more pendant functional groups are glucosamine, galactosamine, citric acid, succinic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glucuronic acid, butyric acid, itaconic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, adipic acid, isobutyric acid, formic acid, levulinic acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, sorbitol, xylitol, arabitol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, galacitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lacitol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, sulfate, or phosphate.

21. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 18 , wherein the one or more bridging functional groups are glucosamine, galactosamine, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glucuronic acid, itaconic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, adipic acid, sorbitol, xylitol, arabitol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, galacitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lacitol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, sulfate, or phosphate.

22. A method of converting an α-1,4 polysaccharide to a polysaccharide having a mixture of linkages, comprising:

contacting an α-1,4 polysaccharide with a catalyst,

wherein the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or wherein the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support; and

converting at least a portion of the α-1,4 bonds in the α-1,4 polysaccharide to one or more non-α-1,4 bonds selected from the group consisting of α-1,2 bonds, β-1,2 bonds, α-1,3 bonds, β-1,3 bonds, β-1,4 bonds, α-1,6 bonds, and β-1,6 bonds to produce an oligosaccharide composition with a mixture of linkages;

wherein the oligosaccharide composition comprises monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic bonds;

wherein:

the monosaccharide monomers are C5 monosaccharides or C6 monosaccharides;

at least 15% of the oligosaccharide composition has a degree of polymerization (DP) of at least four monosaccharide monomers;

the mean DP of the oligosaccharide composition is 5-10 monosaccharide monomers; and

at least a portion of the glycosidic bonds in the oligosaccharide composition comprises β-1,2 bonds and α-1,3 bonds.

23. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein greater than 30% of the oligosaccharide composition has a DP of at least four.

24. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein greater than 40% of the oligosaccharide composition has a DP of at least four.

25. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein greater than 50% of the oligosaccharide composition has a DP of at least four.

26. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein at least 90% of the oligosaccharide composition comprises a mixture of non-alpha-1,4-bonds.

27. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein at least 99% of the oligosaccharide composition comprises a mixture of non-alpha-1,4-bonds.

28. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the hygroscopicity of the oligosaccharide composition is between 5% moisture content and 15% moisture content at a water activity of at least 0.6.

29. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the oligosaccharide composition is soluble in water up to a maximum concentration of at least 50 Brix.

30. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the oligosaccharide composition is soluble in water up to a maximum concentration of at least 70 Brix.

31. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the oligosaccharide composition is a syrup.

32. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the oligosaccharide composition is a powder.

33. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the monosaccharide monomers are C6 monosaccharides.

34. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the glycosidic bonds in said oligosaccharide composition are α-1,4 bonds, α-1,2 bonds, β-1,2 bonds, α-1,3 bonds, β-1,3 bonds, β-1,4 bonds, α-1,6 bonds, or β-1,6 bonds.

35. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the monosaccharide monomers are C5 monosaccharides.

36. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the monosaccharide monomers are arabinose and galactose.

37. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the monosaccharide monomers are glucose.

38. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the monosaccharide monomers are galactose and glucose.

39. The oligosaccharide composition of claim 15 , wherein the monosaccharide monomers are galactose.