Soil additives for promoting seed germination, for prevention of evaporation and methods for use

1. A method of decreasing water evaporation from soil, the method comprising:

introducing a bulk additive to a target soil area; and

contacting a top layer of the target soil area with a surface additive,

wherein the step of introducing the bulk additive to a target soil area comprises applying the bulk additive to the surface of target soil area then mixing the bulk additive into the target soil area at a predetermined depth.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the soil is selected from the group consisting of clay soil, sandy soil, silty soil, peaty soil, loamy soil, chalky soil and any combination thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the soil is clay soil.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the soil is soil characterized by a mean particle diameter (D50) of less than or equal to 50 μm or 25 μm or 5 μm.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bulk additive is poly(acrylic acid).

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface additive is selected from polyacrylamide, poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol), phosphonate-end capped polymers, polyethyleneoxide, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyglycerol, polytetrahydrofuran, polyamide, guar, unwashed guar gum, washed guar gum, cationic guar, carboxymethyl guar (CM guar), hydroxyethyl guar (HE guar), hydroxypropyl guar (HP guar), carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHP guar), cationic guar, hydrophobically modified guar (HM guar), hydrophobically modified carboxymethyl guar (HMCM guar), hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl guar (HMHE guar), hydrophobically modified hydroxypropyl guar (HMHP guar), cationic hydrophobically modified hydroxypropyl guar (cationic HMHP guar), hydrophobically modified carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (HMCMHP guar), hydrophobically modified cationic guar (HM cationic guar), guar hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride, hydroxypropyl guar hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride, starch, corn, wheat, rice, potato, tapioca, waxy maize, sorghum, waxy sarghum, sago, dextrin, chitin, chitosan, alginate compositions, xanthan gum, carageenan gum, gum karaya, gum arabic, pectin, cellulose, hydroxycellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose, cationic starch, a derivative of any of the foregoing or a combination of any of the foregoing.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bulk additive is a polymer according to formula:

wherein n is an integer of from 1 to 1000; wherein R1 comprises at least one phosphonate group, silicate group, siloxane group, phosphate group, phosphinate group or any combination thereof; wherein R2 or R3 are each independently a hydrogen, or a branched, linear or cyclic C1-C6 hydrocarbon with or without heteroatom; M+ is a counterion or hydrogen; wherein “D” is absent, a linear or branched C1-C5 hydrocarbon group, a C1-C5 alkoxy group, oxy group (—O—), iminyl (—NH—), or substituted iminyl (—NR—), wherein R a C1-C6 alkyl, a C1-C6 alkoxyl, a C1-C6 hydroxylalkyl, a C1-C6 alkoxyalkyl or a C1-C6 alkylalkoxyl.

8. A method of decreasing water evaporation from soil, the method comprising:

introducing a bulk additive to a target soil area; and

contacting a top layer of the target soil area with a surface additive,

wherein the step of introducing the bulk additive to a target soil area comprises:

preparing a mixture comprising the bulk additive and a pre-mix soil and thereafter contacting the mixture with the target soil area.

9. A method of decreasing water evaporation from soil, the method comprising:

introducing a bulk additive to a target soil area; and

contacting a top layer of the target soil area with a surface additive,

wherein contacting the top layer of soil comprises spraying an aqueous mixture comprising the surface additive onto the soil.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the aqueous mixture further comprises an adjuvant, surfactant, fertilizer, pesticide, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the step of introducing the bulk additive to a target soil area comprises applying the bulk additive to the surface of target soil area then mixing the bulk additive into the target soil area at a predetermined depth.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the bulk additive is a polymer according to formula:

wherein n is an integer of from 1 to 1000; wherein R1 comprises at least one phosphonate group, silicate group, siloxane group, phosphate group, phosphinate group or any combination thereof; wherein R2 or R3 are each independently a hydrogen, or a branched, linear or cyclic C1-C6 hydrocarbon with or without heteroatom; M+ is a counterion or hydrogen; wherein “D” is absent, a linear or branched C1-C5 hydrocarbon group, a C1-C5 alkoxy group, oxy group (—O—), iminyl (—NH—), or substituted iminyl (—NR—), wherein R a C1-C6 alkyl, a C1-C6 alkoxyl, a C1-C6 hydroxylalkyl, a C1-C6 alkoxyalkyl or a C1-C6 alkylalkoxyl.

13. A method of decreasing water evaporation from soil, the method comprising:

introducing a bulk additive to a target soil area; and

contacting a top layer of the target soil area with a surface additive,

wherein the bulk additive is in a semi-dry form.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the step of introducing the bulk additive to a target soil area comprises applying the bulk additive to the surface of target soil area then mixing the bulk additive into the target soil area at a predetermined depth.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein contacting the top layer of soil comprises spraying an aqueous mixture comprising the surface additive onto the soil.

16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the bulk additive is in granular form.

17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the surface additive is in granular form.

18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the bulk additive encapsulates all or a portion of a seed.

19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the bulk additive is applied by itself or with the surface additive.

20. The method of claim 13 , wherein the surface additive is applied in semi-dry form.

21. A method of decreasing water evaporation from soil, the method comprising:

introducing a bulk additive to a target soil area; and

contacting a top layer of the target soil area with a surface additive,

wherein the bulk additive is selected from the group consisting of unwashed guar gum, washed guar gum, polyacrylamide, poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol), phosphonate-end capped polymers, polyethyleneoxide, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyglycerol, polytetrahydrofuran, polyamide, a derivative of any of the foregoing and a combination of any of the foregoing.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the step of introducing the bulk additive to a target soil area comprises applying the bulk additive to the surface of target soil area then mixing the bulk additive into the target soil area at a predetermined depth.

23. The method of claim 21 , wherein contacting the top layer of soil comprises spraying an aqueous mixture comprising the surface additive onto the soil.

24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the bulk additive is in a semi-dry form.

25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the bulk additive is in granular form.

26. The method of claim 21 , wherein the surface additive is in granular form.

27. The method of claim 21 , wherein the bulk additive encapsulates all or a portion of a fertilizer or fertilizer granule.

28. The method of claim 21 , wherein the bulk additive is applied by itself or with the surface additive.

29. The method of claim 21 , wherein the surface additive is applied in semi-dry form.

30. A method of improving germination rates agricultural or horticultural yield by decreasing water evaporation from a target soil area, the method comprising:

i) mixing into a target soil area a bulk additive selected from the group consisting of polyacrylamide, poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol), phosphonate-end capped polymers, polyethyleneoxide, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyglycerol, polytetrahydrofuran, polyamide, unwashed guar gum, washed guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum, carboxymethyl guar gum, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar gum, starch, corn, wheat, rice, potato, tapioca, waxy maize, sorghum, waxy sarghum, sago, dextrin, chitin, chitosan, alginate compositions, xanthan gum, carageenan gum, gum karaya, gum arabic, pectin, cellulose, hydroxycellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, a derivative of any of the foregoing and a combination of any of the foregoing; and

ii) spraying an aqueous mixture containing a surface additive onto a top layer of the target soil area, the surface additive selected from the group consisting of polyacrylamide, poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol), phosphonate-end capped polymers, polyethyleneoxide, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyglycerol, polytetrahydrofuran, polyamide, guar, unwashed guar gum, washed guar gum, cationic guar, carboxymethyl guar (CM guar), hydroxyethyl guar (HE guar), hydroxypropyl guar (HP guar), carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHP guar), cationic guar, hydrophobically modified guar (HM guar), hydrophobically modified carboxymethyl guar (HMCM guar), hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl guar (HMHE guar), hydrophobically modified hydroxypropyl guar (HMHP guar), cationic hydrophobically modified hydroxypropyl guar (cationic HMHP guar), hydrophobically modified carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (HMCMHP guar), hydrophobically modified cationic guar (HM cationic guar), guar hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride, hydroxypropyl guar hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride, starch, corn, wheat, rice, potato, tapioca, waxy maize, sorghum, waxy sarghum, sago, dextrin, chitin, chitosan, alginate compositions, xanthan gum, carageenan gum, gum karaya, gum arabic, pectin, cellulose, hydroxycellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, a derivative of any of the foregoing and any combination of any of the foregoing.