Quaternary ammonium hydroxides
A composition including (a) a quaternary ammonium hydroxide having a general formula (I): as defined herein, and (b) a dipolar aprotic solvent substantially free of water.
1. A composition of matter, wherein the composition comprises:
a quaternary ammonium hydroxide having a general formula (I):
wherein in the general formula (I):
R 1 may be C 1 -C 18 linear or branched alkyl, C 2 -C 18 linear or branched alkanol, C 3 -C 18 linear or branched polyol, benzyl, or substituted benzyl, wherein when present, substituted benzyl is substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, or halogen, or R 1 may have the following general formulae (i) or (ii):
wherein in general formulae (i) and (ii), R 6 is independently C 1 -C 4 branched or unbranched alkyl,
R 2 and R 3 may be independently C 1 -C 18 linear or branched alkyl, C 2 -C 18 linear or branched alkanol, C 3 -C 18 linear or branched polyol, benzyl, or substituted benzyl, wherein when present, substituted benzyl is substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, or halogen, or
R 1 is as defined above, and R 2 and R 3 may together form a heterocyclic ring containing the quaternary ammonium N atom of the general formula (I) and 4 to 7 carbon atoms, or
R 1 is as defined above, and R 2 and R 3 may together form a heterocyclic ring containing the quaternary ammonium nitrogen atom of the general formula (I), and either a second nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom and 3 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein the second nitrogen atom may be substituted with one or two groups independently selected from C 1 -C 18 linear or branched alkyl, C 2 -C 18 linear or branched alkanol, C 3 -C 18 linear or branched polyol, benzyl, or substituted benzyl, wherein when present, substituted benzyl is substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, or halogen, or
R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 together may form a bicyclic structure containing from two to four carbon atoms between first and second bridgehead positions, wherein the quaternary N atom of the general formula (I) is at the first bridgehead position, and a carbon or a tertiary or quaternary nitrogen is at the second bridgehead position, wherein when the second bridgehead position is a carbon or a quaternary nitrogen, the carbon or quaternary nitrogen is substituted with R 5 , in which R 5 is H or a C 1 -C 4 branched or unbranched alkyl group, and
R 4 is C 1 -C 18 linear or branched alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl, or benzyl or substituted benzyl, wherein when present, substituted phenyl or substituted benzyl is substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, or halogen, with the provisos that, if R 4 is mono-substituted phenyl, the substituent is other than a 4-fluoro or a 4-alkyl group; and if R 4 is di-substituted phenyl, the di-substituted phenyl is other than 2,5-dimethylphenyl.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the quaternary ammonium hydroxide has general formula (II):
wherein, in general formula (II), each of a, b and c are independently 2-4, R 5 is H or a C 1 -C 4 branched or unbranched alkyl.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the quaternary ammonium hydroxide has general formula (III):
wherein, in general formula (III), each of a, b and c are independently 2-4, R 5 is a C 1 -C 4 branched or unbranched alkyl, and X is a halide or OH.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the quaternary ammonium hydroxide has general formula (IV):
wherein in general formula (IV), each of a, b and c are independently 2-4.