Quantum random number generators
Random number generators include a thermal optical source and detector configured to produce random numbers based on quantum-optical intensity fluctuations. An optical flux is detected, and signals proportional to optical intensity and a delayed optical intensity are combined. The combined signals can be electrical signals or optical signals, and the optical source is selected so as to have low coherence over a predetermined range of delay times. Balanced optical detectors can be used to reduce common mode noise, and in some examples, the optical flux is directed to only one of a pair of balanced detectors.
1. A random number generator, comprising:
a thermal light source operable to produce an optical flux by emitting photons in one or more optical field modes, wherein the one or more optical field modes are populated with photons according to a Bose-Einstein probability distribution;
a first detector operable to receive a portion of the optical flux from the light source and to provide a first detector signal based on the received optical flux; and
an output system operable to generate a stream of independent unbiased bits based on sampling at least the first detector signal at a rate defined by a sampling bin time;
wherein a mean number of photons from the thermal light source detected by the first detector per sampling bin time is greater than a number of optical field modes produced by the thermal light source.
2. The random number generator of claim 1 , further comprising a delay unit configured to receive an input signal comprising at least one of (i) a portion of the optical flux from the light source and (ii) the first detector signal, wherein the delay unit is operable to output a delayed signal based on the input signal, and wherein the output system comprises a comparator operable to produce an output signal based on the first detector signal and the delayed signal.
3. The random number generator of claim 2 , wherein the delay unit comprises an optical delay, and wherein the delay unit is operable to receive the portion of the optical flux from the light source and output a delayed optical flux corresponding to the received optical flux.
4. The random number generator of claim 3 , further comprising a second detector that is configured to receive the delayed optical flux and to provide a second detector signal based on the delayed optical flux.
5. The random number generator of claim 4 , wherein the first detector and the second detector are configured as a balanced detector pair.
6. The random number generator of claim 2 , wherein the delay unit is an electrical delay unit operable to receive the first detector signal and output a delayed electrical signal corresponding to the first detector signal.
7. The random number generator of claim 6 , wherein the delay unit is a digital delay unit.
8. The random number generator of claim 2 , wherein the delay unit is configurable to delay the first detector signal based on an estimate of the cross-correlation between the first detector signal and the delayed signal.
9. The random number generator of claim 1 , wherein the thermal light source comprises a semiconductor optical amplifier.
10. The random number generator of claim 1 , wherein the thermal light source comprises a light-emitting diode.
11. The random number generator of claim 1 , wherein the photons emitted by the thermal light source are restricted to a single transverse spatial mode.
12. The random number generator of claim 1 , wherein the thermal light source includes a spatial mode filter for limiting a number of transverse spatial modes included in the optical signal.
13. The random number generator of claim 12 , wherein the spatial mode filter comprises an optical fiber.
14. The random number generator of claim 1 , wherein the first detector is a photodiode.
15. The random number generator of claim 1 , wherein the output system comprises a digital conditioning unit operable to implement at least one conditioning algorithm for removing at least one of bias and correlations in the first detector signal.
16. The random number generator of claim 1 , wherein the output system comprises a digital conditioning unit operable to implement at least one randomness extraction algorithm for extracting entropy within the first detector signal.
17. A method of generating random numbers using a thermal light source, a first detector, and an output system, the method comprising:
providing, by the thermal light source, an optical flux by emitting photons in one or more optical field modes, wherein the one or more optical field modes are populated with photons according to a Bose-Einstein probability distribution;
receiving, at the first detector, a portion of the optical flux from the light source;
providing, by the first detector, a first detector signal based on the received optical flux; and
providing, by the output system, a stream of independent unbiased bits based on sampling at least the first detector signal at a rate defined by a sampling bin time;
wherein a mean number of photons from the thermal light source detected by the first detector per sampling bin time is greater than a number of optical field modes produced by the thermal light source.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising
providing, by a delay unit, a delayed signal based on an input signal comprising at least one of (i) a portion of the optical flux from the light source and (ii) the first detector signal; and
providing, by a comparator, an output signal based on the first detector signal and the delayed signal.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the delay unit comprises an optical delay, and wherein providing the delayed signal comprises:
receiving, at the delay unit, the portion of the optical flux from the light source; and
providing a delayed optical flux corresponding to the received optical flux.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising:
receiving, at a second detector, the delayed optical flux; and
providing, by the second detector, a second detector signal based on the delayed optical flux.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the first detector and the second detector are configured as a balanced detector pair.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the delay unit is an electrical delay unit, and wherein providing the delayed signal comprises:
receiving, at the delay unit, the first detector signal; and
providing a delayed electrical signal corresponding to the first detector signal.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the delay unit is a digital delay unit.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the delay unit is configurable to delay the first detector signal based on an estimate of the cross-correlation between the first detector signal and the delayed signal.
25. The method of claim 17 , wherein the thermal light source comprises a semiconductor optical amplifier.
26. The method of claim 17 , wherein the thermal light source comprises a light-emitting diode.
27. The method of claim 17 , wherein the photons emitted by the thermal light source are restricted to a single transverse spatial mode.
28. The method of claim 17 , wherein the thermal light source includes a spatial mode filter for limiting a number of transverse spatial modes included in the optical signal.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the spatial mode filter comprises an optical fiber.
30. The method of claim 17 , wherein the first detector is a photodiode.
31. The method of claim 17 , further comprising implementing, by a digital conditioning unit, at least one conditioning algorithm for removing at least one of bias and correlations in the first detector signal.
32. The method of claim 17 , further comprising implementing, by a digital conditioning unit, at least one randomness extraction algorithm for extracting entropy within the first detector signal.