Encapsulation of hydrophobic biologically active compounds
A composition comprising hydrophobic droplets coated by a shell and dispersed in a matrix and a consumable product comprising the composition are provided. The hydrophobic droplets comprise a hydrophobic compound, the shell comprises an irreversibly denatured protein, and the matrix comprises a protein, a starch, and a polysaccharide. Also provided are methods for preparing the composition and the consumable product.
1. A composition comprising a hydrophobic compound in a form of coated hydrophobic droplets, wherein more than 90% of the hydrophobic droplets are coated by a shell, wherein the shell comprises an irreversibly denatured first protein, wherein the shell is covered by a polysaccharide matrix, wherein the polysaccharide matrix is covered by a polymeric matrix, and wherein the polymeric matrix comprises a starch and a second protein, and wherein the composition comprises less than 20 wt % water.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic compound is a bioactive agent selected from the group consisting of vitamins, antibiotics, carotenoids, plant extracts, fruit extracts, vegetable extracts, antioxidants, lipids, steroids, phytochemicals and drugs.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the irreversibly denatured first protein is prepared by applying two different external stressors, wherein each external stressor is selected from the group consisting of an acid, a base, an inorganic salt, an enzyme, an organic solvent, heat and sheer force, and a combination thereof.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic droplets have a particle size within the range of 0.1 μm to 5.0 μm.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ratio between the irreversibly denatured first protein and the hydrophobic droplets is within the range of 0.1:1 to 1:1 by weight.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the second protein is a globular or randomly coiled protein.
7. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the globular or randomly coiled protein is selected from the group consisting of dairy proteins, gelatin, corn zein proteins, bovine serum albumin, egg albumin, proteins from wheat, barley, rye or oats, vegetable proteins, microbial proteins, legume proteins, proteins from tree nuts, and proteins from ground nuts.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of pectin, alginic acid and salts thereof, xanthan gum, chitosan, dextran, pullulan, chondroitin sulfate, gum arabic, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, and carrageenan.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the starch is hydrophobically modified.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric matrix further comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of ethyl cellulose and HPMC.
11. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising an antioxidant selected from the group consisting of phospholipids, alpha-lipoic acid, citric acid, Vitamin C and esters thereof, green tea polyphenols, green tea extracts, grape seed extracts, resveratrol, quercetin, cinamic acid and salts thereof, ferulic acid and salts thereof, rosemarinic acid and salts thereof, carotenoids, curcuminoids, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, tocoferoles, tocotrienols, polyphenols, Coenzyme Q10, cysteine, methionine, and a combination thereof.
12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic droplets further comprise an edible oil selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils, animal oils, marine oils, and microalgae oils.
13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the vegetable oil is selected from the group consisting of rice bran oil, flaxseed oil, and oil comprising an omega-3 fatty acid or a conjugated linoleic acid.
14. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the animal oil is selected from the group consisting of marine oil, fish oil, and egg oil.
15. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the microalgae oil comprises an omega-3 fatty acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, or a conjugated linoleic acid.
16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is prepared according to a method comprising
(a) reducing the pH of a suspension comprising hydrophobic droplets and a first protein to below the isoelectric point (pKa) of the protein, wherein the hydrophobic droplets comprise a hydrophobic compound;
(b) irreversibly denaturing the first protein in the suspension of step (a), whereby the hydrophobic droplets are coated by a shell comprising the irreversibly denatured first protein;
(c) mixing the coated hydrophobic droplets of step (b) with a second protein, a starch, and a polysaccharide to form a mixture; and
(d) drying the mixture of step (c), whereby the composition is prepared.
17. A consumable product comprising the composition of claim 1 , wherein the consumable product has a therapeutic, nutritional, or disease-preventive effect.
18. The product of claim 17 , wherein the product is selected from the group consisting of food products, nutritional products, ready-to-drink mixes, supplements in the form of powder, tablet or capsule, vitamin premixes, pelleted animal feed, supplements or premixes, nutraceutical products, pharmaceutical products, and drugs.