Organopalladium compounds as polymerization catalysts
A series of bicycloalkene-palladium compounds having utility as addition polymerization catalysts are disclosed. Also disclosed are the methods of making these compounds.
1. A compound of the formula (I):
wherein,
is (C 5 -C 10 )cycloalkene, (C 7 -C 12 )bicycloalkene or (C 8 -C 12 )tricycloalkene group;
M is nickel, palladium or platinum;
LB is a Lewis Base;
Z ⊖ is a weakly coordinating anion;
Y is PR 3 or O═PR 3 , where R is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, (C 3 -C 6 )alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy or (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyloxy; and
R 1 is methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl or R 2 CO, where R 2 is methyl, ethyl or (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein:
LB is selected from acetonitrile, propionitrile, n-butyronitrile, tert-butyronitrile, C 6 H 5 CN, C 6 H 5 CH 2 CN, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzonitrile, pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 2,3-dimethylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyridine, 2,5-dimethylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 3,4-dimethylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, 2,6-di-t-butylpyridine, 2,4-di-t-butylpyridine, 2-methoxypyridine, 3-methoxypyridine, 4-methoxypyridine, pyrazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, diethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, dibenzyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, benzophenone, triphenylphosphine oxide, triphenyl phosphate or PR 3 , where R is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, (C 3 -C 6 )alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy or (C 5 -C 10 )aralkyloxy; and
Z ⊖ is selected from B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⊖ , B[C 6 H 3 (CF 3 ) 2 ] 4 ⊖ , B(C 6 H 5 ) 4 ⊖ , [Al(OC(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] ⊖ , BF 4 ⊖ , PF 6 ⊖ , AsF 6 ⊖ , SbF 6 ⊖ , (CF 3 SO 2 )N ⊖ or CF 3 SO 3 ⊖ .
3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein
is cyclooctene, bicyclo[3,3,0]octene, bicyclo[2,2,1]hept-2-ene, bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-2-ene or tricyclo[5,2,1,0 2,6 ]dec-3-ene;
M is palladium;
LB is acetonitrile, tert-butyronitrile, C 6 H 5 CN, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzonitrile, pyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, 4-methoxypyridine, benzophenone or triphenylphosphine oxide;
Z ⊖ is selected from B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⊖ , B[C 6 H 3 (CF 3 ) 2 ] 4 ⊖ , (CF 3 SO 2 )N ⊖ and CF 3 SO 3 ⊖ ;
Y is PR 3 or O═PR 3 , where R is independently selected from isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, cyclohexyloxy, phenoxy or benzyloxy; and
R 1 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, phenoxy or acetyl.
4. The compound of claim 1 , which is of the formula (II):
wherein,
LB is selected from pyridine, acetonitrile or C 6 H 5 CN;
Z ⊖ is selected from B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⊖ ), B(C 6 H 5 ) 4 ⊖ , BF 4 ⊖ or CF 3 SO 3 ⊖ ;
R is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, (C 3 -C 6 )alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy or (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyloxy; and
R 1 is methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl or R 2 CO, where R 2 is methyl, ethyl or (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl.
5. The compound of claim 4 , wherein:
LB is acetonitrile;
Z ⊖ is B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⊖ ;
R is n-propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl or phenyl; and
R 1 is n-propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl or —COCH 3 .
6. The compound of claim 4 , which is of the formula (IIA):
wherein:
LB is acetonitrile or pyridine;
Z ⊖ is selected from B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⊖ or BF 4 ⊖ ; and
R 1 is isopropyl or —COCH 3 .
7. The compound of claim 6 , wherein LB is acetonitrile.
8. The compound of claim 6 , wherein LB is pyridine.
9. The compound of claim 6 , wherein Z ⊖ is B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⊖ .
10. The compound of claim 6 , wherein Z ⊖ is BF 4 ⊖ .
11. The compound of claim 4 , which is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein Py is pyridine.
12. A compound of formula (III):
wherein,
is (C 5 -C 10 )cycloalkene, (C 7 -C 12 )bicycloalkene or (C 8 -C 12 )tricycloalkene group;
M is nickel, palladium or platinum;
X is halogen, triflate, mesylate or tosylate;
Y is PR 3 or O═PR 3 , where R is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, (C 3 -C 6 )alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy or (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyloxy; and
R 1 is methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl or R 2 CO, where R 2 is methyl, ethyl or (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl; and
with the proviso that when R is phenyl R 1 is not methyl.
13. The compound of claim 12 , wherein
is cyclooctene, bicyclo[3,3,0]octene, bicyclo[2,2,1]hept-2-ene, bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-2-ene or tricyclo[5,2,1,0 2.6 ]dec-3-ene;
M is palladium;
X is chlorine or triflate;
Y is PR 3 or O═PR 3 , where R is independently selected from isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, cyclohexyloxy, phenoxy or benzyloxy; and
R 1 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, phenoxy or acetyl; and
with the proviso that when R is phenyl R 1 is not methyl.
14. The compound of claim 12 , which is of the formula (IIIA):
wherein:
X is chlorine or triflate; and
R 1 is n-propyl, isopropyl or —COCH 3 .
15. The compound of claim 14 , wherein R 1 is n-propyl, isopropyl or —COCH 3 .
16. The compound of claim 12 , which is selected from the group consisting of:
17. A polymerization composition comprising:
a compound of the formula (I):
wherein,
is (C 5 -C 10 )cycloalkene, (C 7 -C 12 )bicycloalkene or (C 8 -C 12 )tricycloalkene group;
M is nickel, palladium or platinum;
LB is a Lewis Base;
Z ⊖ is a weakly coordinating anion;
Y is PR 3 or O═PR 3 , where R is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, (C 3 -C 6 )alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy or (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyloxy; and
R 1 is methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl or R 2 CO, where R 2 is methyl, ethyl or (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl; and
a monomer of formula (IV):
wherein:
p is an integer 0, 1 or 2;
R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are the same or different and each independently of one another is selected from hydrogen, linear or branched (C 1 -C 16 )alkyl, hydroxy(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, di(C 1 -C 2 )alkylmaleimide(C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, di(C 1 -C 2 )alkylmaleimide(C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 2 )alkyl, hydroxy, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 5 -C 10 )heteroaryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 5 -C 10 )heteroaryloxy or (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy, where each of the aforementioned substituents are optionally substituted with halogen or hydroxy.
18. The composition of claim 17 wherein said compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein Py is pyridine; and
said monomer is selected from the group consisting of:
bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (NB);
norbornenyl-2-trifluoromethyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropan-2-ol (HFANB);
5-hexylbicyclo-[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (HexNB);
5-octylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (OctNB);
5-decylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (DecNB);
5-perfluorobutylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (C 4 F 9 NB);
1-(3-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)propyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (PrDMMINB);
1-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)butyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (BuDMMINB);
1-(6-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)hexyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (HexDMMINB);
5-phenethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (PENB);
5-benzylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (BnNB); and
2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (NBANB).
19. A polymerization composition comprising:
a compound of the formula (III):
wherein,
is (C 5 -C 10 )cycloalkene, (C 7 -C 12 )bicycloalkene or (C 8 -C 12 )tricycloalkene group;
M is nickel, palladium or platinum;
X is halogen, triflate, mesylate or tosylate;
Y is PR 3 or O=PR 3 , where R is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, (C 3 -C 6 )alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy or (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyloxy; and
R 1 is methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aralkyl or R 2 CO, where R 2 is methyl, ethyl or (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl;
a compound of the formula (V):
M d ⊕ Z ⊖ ;
wherein
M d ⊕ is a cation selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, barium, ammonium and linear or branched tetra(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl ammonium;
Z ⊖ is a weakly coordinating anion selected from selected from B(C 6 F 6 ) 4 ⊖ , B[C 6 H 3 (CF 3 ) 2 ] 4 ⊖ , B(C 6 H 5 ) 4 ⊖ , [Al(OC(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] ⊖ , BF 4 ⊖ , PF 6 ⊖ , AsF 6 ⊖ , SbF 6 ⊖ , (CF 3 SO 2 )N ⊖ or CF 3 SO 3 ⊖ ; and
a monomer of formula (IV):
wherein:
m is an integer 0, 1 or 2;
R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are the same or different and each independently of one another is selected from hydrogen, linear or branched (C 1 -C 16 )alkyl, hydroxy(C 1 -C 16 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl, perfluoro(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, di(C 1 -C 2 )alkylmaleimide(C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, di(C 1 -C 2 )alkylmaleimide(C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 2 )alkyl, hydroxy, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 12 )cycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 12 )bicycloalkoxy, (C 7 -C 14 )tricycloalkoxy, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 5 -C 10 )heteroaryloxy(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxy, (C 5 -C 10 )heteroaryloxy or (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy, where each of the aforementioned substituents are optionally substituted with halogen or hydroxy.
20. The composition of claim 19 wherein said compound of formula (III) is selected from the group consisting of:
said compound of formula (V) is selected from the group consisting of:
lithium tetrafluoroborate;
lithium triflate;
lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate;
lithium tetraphenylborate;
lithium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate;
lithium tetrakis(2-fluorophenyl)borate;
lithium tetrakis(3-fluorophenyl)borate;
lithium tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl)borate;
lithium tetrakis(3,5-difluorophenyl)borate;
lithium hexafluorophosphate;
lithium hexaphenylphosphate;
lithium hexakis(pentafluorophenyl)phosphate;
lithium hexafluoroarsenate;
lithium hexaphenylarsenate;
lithium hexakis(pentafluorophenyl)arsenate;
lithium hexakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)arsenate;
lithium hexafluoroantimonate;
lithium hexaphenylantimonate;
lithium hexakis(pentafluorophenyl)antimonate;
lithium hexakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)antimonate;
lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate;
lithium tris(nonafluorobiphenyl)fluoroaluminate;
lithium (octyloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate;
lithium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)aluminate; and
lithium methyltris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate; and
said monomer is selected from the group consisting of:
bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (NB);
norbornenyl-2-trifluoromethyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropan-2-ol (HFANB);
5-hexylbicyclo-[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (HexNB);
5-octylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (OctNB);
5-decylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (DecNB);
5-perfluorobutylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (C 4 F 9 NB);
1-(3-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)propyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (PrDMMINB);
1-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)butyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (BuDMMINB);
1-(6-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)hexyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (HexDMMINB);
5-phenethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (PENB);
5-benzylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (BnNB); and
2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (NBANB).